..^ BETTER FRUIT Volume XVI JULY, 1921 'Or, Xr:MBEB 1 Fifteen Years' Service to the Fruit Industry of the Northwest 20 Cents The Single Copy BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, OREGON Subscription $1- per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $2, Payable in American Exchange Finish your work on schedule time hj^i!rk::)^iiiJ£^cdiiJjfnricASiil^ You can depend upon the "Caterpillar" Tractor to meet the work schedule that you lay down. It de- velops none of the ordinary tractor's weaknesses in the field. This dependability makes systematic farming a habit with "Caterpillar" owners. And that is the most profitable kind of farming. "Caterpillar" 5-ton Orchard Tractor, besides being dependable, has a record for lowest cost per op- erating hour — for economical use of fuel and oil. it is built narrow and close to the ground — gets be- tween, under and around the trees in a closely planted orchard without hitting limbs or fruit. It is short turning, easy handling and has three speeds, 11/2. 3 and 5% miles per hour. It has plenty of power for plowing and sub-soiling deeply. Get full information about the "Caterpillar" 5 -ton Orchard Tractor now — see the Holt representative in your neighborhood or write us. Stationary Power Units Built for the severe requirements of tractor service, it is especially adapted to economical operation of pumping plants and other farm work. It is a perfected motor of the valve-in-head type, in 30, 45, 55 and 75 horse-power ratings. Holt ac- curacy and dependability guarantee its service. The Holt Manufacturing Company Spokane, Washington Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois San Francisco, Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ./«///, 19'^1 BETTER FRUIT rji:\\ YORK EOTANlCAL Pag'e i Box and Crate Shocks Buy From the Manufacturer WE CARRY LARGE STOCKS OF DRY BOX LUMBER AT ALL TIMES FACTORY CAPACITY, 150,000 FEET PER DAY SHIPMENT OVER THREE TRANSCONTINENTAL LINES N. P.; C. M. & ST. P.; and U. P. SYSTEMS Grays Harbor Commercial Co. COSMOPOLIS, WASHINGTON \ r^|{ ^r ' '-i ''*^w;^MBS^^^^^^^ *^^^fl^? 2!^s^iif^HHiH p^ E an^^''^ ••" -*'~-"— ^ yjfSKr^'Z'^^'^^ T^'',J^'''''jtfi' !..,.,_.. " ;r'>^;"C*y':.%fl Absolutely No Bruising of the Fruit by Using the Ideal Fruit Grader It is built for two, three and four grades, and room for four, six, and eight sorters to work at one time. The machine can be adjusted while running in about one minute of time. It is the most simple machine on the market, never gets out of order, as there are no complicated parts to get out of adjustment or break. We have placed our new sorting table on this year's output which increases the amount of fruit that is packed per day. It is noiseless in operation. Nothing to break, as the fruit is graded by coming in contact with elastic bands only. We will be pleased to mail you our folders and prices of our several size machines upon application. Our literature explains the working parts in detail, also shows several different views of the machine. Ideal Fruit & Nursery Co. HOOD RIVER, OREGON Page 2 BETTER FRUIT July, 1021 A Cutler Fruit Grader For the Small Fruit Grower Far Box Packing View of "Small Growers' Model" for Box Packing To fill a demand for a smaller model than our Two Section Model for growers of small acreage, or who have only a limited floor-space for packing, we have designed the "Small Grower's Model" shown above. This model handles two erades of fruit with seven bins for each grade and is only seventeen feet in length over all. It can be operated in a mTnlmum space of 1 4x20 feet. THERE IS NO OTHER GRADER ON THE MARKET WHICH SO COMPLETELY FILLS THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SMALL GROWER, who with the help of his family can pack out his crop. With a Cuder Grader you can handle your crop quicker and at the least cost of sorting, packing and handling. You do not have to depend on skilled packers. A CuUer Grader will soon pay for itself in the saving made in the handling of the crop. Eventually You Will Buy a Cutler Grader Why Not Now? Fill out the coupon below and mail to us today. You may regret not doing so. Cutler Manufacturing Co. 353 East Tenth Street, Portland, Oregon iPlease send me descriptive circulars and prices of the equipment as indicated below. Check the equipment you are interested in. Off grade return belt attachment ,CuIl Separation attachment Grader Box Pre«« Grip Trucks Crop expected in 1921 boxe Name Address Box Presses See the Cutler Press before buying. We have the best press on the market today Write Today for Catalog and Prices Cutler Manufacturing Company 353 East Tenth Street Portland, Oregon BETTER FRUIT Pioneer Horticultural Journal of the Pacific Northwest Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March 3, 1879 ^"OLUME XVI Portland, Oregon, July, 1921 Number 1 Fifteen Years With the Fruit Growers ^ I HAT is the future of the box fruit industry in the Northwest? Could one but look ahead with prophetic eye, and see what is in store for us, he would be much sought after, for this question is the paramount one to all fruit growers. Man will suffer much, will bear much, and will hold to the line when ultimate success is guaran- teed, but it takes a big man of strong character to carry on in the face of disappointment and uncer- tainty. When good prices are promised it is not hard to apply ev- ery recommended spray, to culti- vate and fertilize intensively, and to thin adequately, all for the pro- duction of fine and abundant fruit, which will return big profits. But the lean years. There's the rub. There is a general let down after one such, and when several follow one another, planting of new or- chards ceases and care of bearing trees seems not worth while. Then comes the real test of one's faith in the future of one's chosen in- dustry. All this you may say is far from the subject of the title of this ar- ticle, but the reverse is true, for the past and future of any industry are linked irrefutably. The future of today is tomorrow's past. A short resume of the past fifteen years, practically the life of our North- west box fruit industry, may be of interest and profit in attempting to draw therefrom conclusions as to the future, which is the real con- cern of us all. Many growers have pet theories on co-operative selling and buying, By Charles I. Moody of BETTER FRUIT on independent shipping, on the best way to assure proper distribu- tion, and of course, how the sales manager should have sold last year's crop. Unfortunately very few growers have any real comprehensive idea of the ramifications surrounding ized for profit, and at the bottom of the fall of practically all, has been lack of confidence, not by any means always justified, but rather bred of ignorance of conditions on the part of the members. Probably the first growers' association was the original Hood River Fruit Scene in typical apple packing-house showing four big, motor driven grading machines and practical application of gravity conveyor. Thi« unit can turn out an average of 4000 boxes a day easily. the disposition of several .million boxes of fruit. This very ignor- ance of selling and market con- ditions (which too many association heads seem to foster in their mem- bers), is the rock-bound coast upon which the staunchest co-operative craft have come to grief. During the past fifteen years there have risen and fallen dozens of marketing organizations throughout the Northwest, some purely co-operative, some organ- Growers' Union, purely co-oper- ative, formed about 1892 to handle only strawberries. Since then, and particularly throughout the fifteen years just past, there have sprung up a mul- titude of marketing associations, most of them for, of and by the growers, with kaleidescopic reor- ganizations of the same. The first car lot shipment of packed and wrapped apples to leave the Northwest was shipped by the Page 4 BETTER FRUIT Julij, 1921 Davidson Fruit Company from Hood River in 1898, to Scobel & Day, New York City, and was a solid car of Spitzenburgs. Since then thousands of cars of fruit have followed that daring lead Eastward, even as thousands of sturdy sons, attracted by the won- ders of the Northwest, have flowed in the opposite direction. In 1905 E. H. Shepherd, founder and own- er of Better Fruit until his death in 1916, was manager of the Hood River Apple Growers' Union. In 1906 the millenium presum- ably had come to the fruit industry in the formation of the North- Western Fruit Exchange at Seattle. This organization was formed to whip into line every association in the Pacific Northwest, to act simp- ly as a clearing house, or sales head for them. Each district asso- ciation was to retain its individ- uality in everything but sales. Prac- tically all of the marketing asso- ciations in the field went in, but during the next year dissension crept in, and the toboggan of se- cession commenced, which in a few years was the ruination of this first attempt at Northwest unity in mar- keting. From then on, as new districts were opened up, thousands of acres planted to trees, and the real devel- opment of the Northwest fruit in- dustry fell into its stride, district associations were formed by the dozen. The Yakima County Horticul- tural Union came into being, as the first growers' organization in Yak- ima. It was purely co-operative. In 1911, and again in 1 9 1 7 it passed through reorganization. Today it is functioning as the Yakima Fruit Growers' Association, and is still co-operative. Throughout the Rogue River, Willamette and Spokane Valleys, the Wenatchee and Puyallup dis- tricts, the Bitter Root valley in Montana, and the Boise, Payette and other districts in Idaho, the seed of some sort of co-operation in selling was germinating, fertil- ized by reports of the strength and success of the Citrus Growers' As- sociation of California, perhaps the strongest association of its kind in the country. In 1912 Hood River answered the call, when all local selling or- ganizations and all independent shippers joined forces within the then existing Apple Growers' Union. For four or five years this situa- tion held, when dissention and mis- understanding finally prevailed, and certain of the organizations and independents dropped out, leaving within the union approx- imately sixty-five per cent of the valley's tonnage. This organiza- tion is functioning today as the Hood River Apple Growers' Asso- ciation, and is still co-operative. In 1913 another effort was made for territorial unity, in the formation of the North Pacific Fruit Distributors, with head of- fices in Spokane, a purely co-opera- tive organization for the marketing of Northwest fruits from all sec- tions. It was recognized as the ex- clusive sales agent for the follow- ing districts: Yakima Valley Fruit Growers' Association, North Yak- ima, Washington; Apple Growers' Association, Hood River, Oregon; Idaho-Oregon Fruit Growers Asso- ciation, Payette, Idaho; Walla Walla District Fruit Distributors, Walla Walla, Washington; Mon- tana Fruit District, Hamilton, Montana; Spokane Fruit Growers' Company, Spokane, Washington; Central Idaho-Washington Fruit Growers' Association, Garfield, Washington; and the Wenatchee North Central Fruit Distributors, Wenatchee, Washington. This apparently strong and ideal The finished product — the consummation of years of eternally keep- ing at it, and holding one's faith in the ultimate outcome Juhj, 1921 combination came after many years of travail, and lasted until 1917. The Oregon Growers' Co-oper- ative Association was formed at Salem, Oregon in 1919, and has done much to unify the Willamette Valley fruit and berry growers. It also operates extensively at Med- ford, The Dalles and other points within the state. There are many problems for us to solve today, and new ones will present themselves as our distribu- tion broadens, as it surely will, to take in the rich and absorbent markets of South America and the Orient and the furthermost coun- tries of Europe. The immensity of the Pacific Coast fruit industry today, with an annual production of more than 100,000 carloads, or approximately 57,000,000 boxes, is such that those in control of its movement are worthy of cultivation by our great public carriers, both rail and water. When the Panama Canal, pos- sibly the greatest monument in the world to American resourcefulness and brains, was nearing completion, our Northwest fruit growers were promised an economical and ade- quate transportation service to the Atlantic seaboard and England. Not until last year, however, was it ever even tried out commercially, when the Earl Fruit Company loaded 30,000 boxes of apples on the refrigerator ship Kinderdyck for London and Liverpool. Two other ships were loaded from the Northwest for foreign ports also. Instantly upon reports of the suc- cess of these shipments, however, it became the "big stick" raised against the railroads for the lower- ing of their rates. The railroads cannot afford to permit any consid- erable tonnage to go to the Canal, for they realize the difficulty in di- verting it to themselves another year. Already the North Pacific Coast Line has been formed, affording a joint service of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company and the Holland-America Line. They of- fer a fast freight service between Pacific Coast ports and England, Holland and Germany, all their BETTER FRUIT steamers being equipped with re- frigerators to handle fresh fruits and other perishable commodities in commercial quantities. There are too many of our grow- ers, unfortunately, who are deep in the rut of routine, too busy all day and too tired when night comes to do more than scan newspaper headlines and then tumble into bed. Day after day, they perform the round of seasonable tasks in a more or less mechanical way. They will tell you that they know how to prune, how to spray, how to thin, and have packed more apples than you have ever seeuj that they used to read their fruit magazine and federal bulletins before they Mr. Sliepard was not only an able editor and entertaining companion, but he knew how to grow fine fruit as well. learned it all, but not now. These wiseacres have lost absolutely the broad vision with which they en- tered the game, and are narrowed down to a hum-drum and deadly existence. There have been many lean years 'tis true, enough to try men's souls to the breaking point, but it's coming back, so let us awake to a future infinitely greater than the rosiest era of the past, and come to some realization of the big things developing in our industry. There are too many millions of dollars invested, too many big and able men in the game to permit of anything put progression. Last year our growers found many reasons besides the failure of their associa- tion to market wisely for low re- turns. High harvesting costs and Page 5 high prices of boxes and other ma- terials, together with excessive freight rates, were held responsible. There was another cause, how- ever, and probably nearer the true cause than any of the others men- tioned, though naturally they con- tributed. The annual report of one of out strongest marketing associa- tions shows that of the entire ton- nage handled by it in 1920 only 44 per cent was Extra Fancy, 1>() per cent Fancy and 20 per cent C-Grade, whereas the averages for the three years previous were Extra Fancy 52 per cent, Fancy 32 per cent and C-Grade 16 per cent. The report shows further a decrease in the size of the fruit grown, as follows: 1920, 4-tier 40 per cent, 43/2-tier 'i'i per cent, 5-tier 25 per cent. Averages for the three pre- ceding years were: 4-tier 54 per cent, 43/j-tier 30 per cent and 5-tier slightly over 16 per cent. With only 44 boxes Extra Fancy, out of 100 packed, and only 40 per cent of those, or 17.6 boxes of 4-tier, surely we can read the answer. A let-up in spraying, failure to adequately thin, passing up the nec- essary feeding of the trees through fertilization and then, in natural sequence, a low grade crop of small fruit. A preponderance of Extra Fancy fruit, of large size, such as we used to grow and still can, will always return a profit. The struggle has been and still is for a perfect selling plan. Co- operation has, it is true, been much misused and abused, yet the suc- cess of the future marketing of fruits lies in true co-operative sel- ling. To too many people, however, co-operation is the act of some indi- vidual or association helping them solve their troubles but asking nothing in return, whereas true co- operation means work on the part of all concerned for a common end. Let there be a franker under- standing on the part of the mem- bers of our marketing associations of the countless hair-trigger de- cisions the sales manager is called upon to make, with an equal chance {Concluded on fage 21) Page 6 BETTER FRUIT The Value of Thinning By Clayton L. Lone. Extension Horticulturist, Oregon Agricultural College July, 1921 THINNING apples in the early summer will do more to in- crease the size and color of the fruit and the total value of the crop than any other operation supplementary to common orchard practices. It is also the most satisfactory as well as profitable way to' prevent loss of branches from breakage on trees bearing full crops. Although it will not increase the vigor of the tree, it will be a very important factor in maintaining that which the tree al- ready has. The activity of an apple tree, whether for fruit-bud formation, fruit production or growth is controlled largely by the relation- ship of the raw food materials as furnished by its environment and utilized by itself. The soil furnishes the moisture and "soil foods" and the atmosphere furnishes the "air foods." If the rainfall is ample or irrigation practiced, the soil properly drained yet capable of holding moisture, and excessive evaporation prevented by proper cultivation or mulching, the soil moisture will not be the limiting factor. If these conditions are not right, and a uni- form moisture supply is not available dur- ing the growing season, this is where our first attention is needed. If the soil needs draining, this should come first and nothing else can take its place. If it will not retain enough water to mature the crop, organic matter should be incorporated and other means of increas- ing the water holding capacity of the soil practiced. If these corrections, together with preventation of evaporation from the surface soil, do not supply the tree with a sufficient supply of moisture, a condition often met in unirrlgated, semi-arid sec- tions, nothing can be done other than that of reducing the top of the tree by pruning to fit this shortage. After this moisture supply is made to fit the tree or the tree to fit the moisture, our next step is to properly balance the two groups of foods, the soil foods and the air foods, to bring about such activity of the tree as is desired. If the soil is thin or worn out, which usually means low in organic matter, the soil foods may be the limiting factor and should be given next considera- tion. Annual application of nitrogen will be a temporary remedy, but the incorpora- tion of organic matter, by plowing down straw, rough manure, cover crops, etc., are necessary in any long time solution of this soil problem. The nitrogen of the soil, which is the limiting factor in the group of soil foods, is carried in the organic matter of the soil and can be maintained only by annual contributions of organic matter forming materials. The growing of catch crops should be an annual practice in culti- vated orchards. THE "air foods" are abundant in propor- tion to the area of leaf surface of the tree, together with the strength of the light playing upon this leaf surface. These foods may be the limiting factor where the soil is extremely fertile or the orchardist a heavy pruner or where a combination of the two exist. In this case the remedy would be a slowing up of the pruning, excepting a light thinning out in very dense trees, and a withdrawal of all nitrogenous fertilizers, manures and leguminous cover-crops. In other words let the tree accumulate a larger leaf surface and do not add nitrogen to the soil. This condition is seldom met in ma- ture trees as their usual lack of vitality shows. Most mature trees would be more productive of profits if their vigor was con- siderably increased. Thinning of the fruit becomes necessary whenever the activity of the tree is too largely consumed in the formation of fruit buds and the production of fruit at the ex- pense of wood growth, a condition brought about by an over supply of air foods as com- pared to the soil foods. The young, vigor- ous tree comes into partial bearing, then into full bearing and finally over-bears before it is forced into the habit of alternate bear- ing. A tree that overbears is under-vigorous and carries a large number of very slow- growing fruit spurs that seldom bloom and when they do bloom never set fruit, another large number that bloom and bear and very few that are vigorous, making a good growth, that do not bloom. Practically all apple trees that are consist- ent annual bearers have 25 per cent or more of their fruit spurs too vigorous each year to form fruit buds. This will insure enough vigor in the tree as a whole to make a good annual growth with a good number of new spurs forming fruit buds on the one year old wood. This condition cannot be brought about in over-bearing trees by thinning the fruit, no matter how severe the treatment. The trouble is more deeply seated than this year's crop of fruit. It is an unbalanced re- lationship of the "soil foods" and the "air foods" with the latter greatly predominat- ing. This unbalanced condition may be of short or long standing, but continually growing worse as the natural tendency of the tree is to increase rather than to diminish it. In fact this plight may become so ex- treme that the tree will get beyond this alternate bearing stage to a seldom bearing or even to a never bearing stage. Artificial means that tend to increase the "soil foods" and decrease the "air foods" must be used and used strenuously. The natural ten- dency of the tree must be overcome, the un- balanced relationship of these two groups of foods must be rectified and the accumu- lation of the over-abundant "air foods" of previous years must be matched. The com- bined influence of pruning, fertilizing, cultivating and cover-cropping (or mulch- ing), and thinning at their very best will be required to get this tree out of its alter- nate bearing habit back into the proper stage of vigor. It will be a much harder task to get old trees out of their alternate bearing habit than it will be to keep young, vigorous trees from getting into it. In either case the ten- dency of the tree will have to be fought against annually. THE effects of thinning may be a big factor in keeping young, vigorous trees from forming the alternate bearing habit, but it is not enough to get trees with the habit established back into annual bearing. It will help to conserve the vigor already there, but it will not instill new vitality into the tree. The greatest benefit jrom thin- ning will be on this -gear's frtdt. It will pay big dividends on the increased size and color of the fruit and continue to pay for years to come on the branches saved from the breaking that so often takes place in heavily loaded trees. Time will be saved in the picking, grading and packing of the crop equal at least to that required for thinning. The most economical time to do this thinning is immediately after the June drop, after nature has done her thinning. At this time most of the apples left will ma- ture and one need not hesitate to do all necessary thinning at one time. It is far cheaper to remove all surplus fruit the first time over the trees, than it is to make two or more thinnings. In practice all imperfect fruit should be removed. Each cluster should be reduced to not more than one fruit and then enough others removed un- til those remaining are at a desirable dis- tance apart. Variety as well as vigor of the tree should be considered in determining the right distance apart to leave the fruit. On vigorous trees the smaller varieties will net most if left six or seven inches apart while eight or ten is none too far for the large varieties. These distances should- be increased an inch or two whenever the tree shows lack of vigor. The time required to do this work will vary with the size of the tree, as well as set of fruit. Trees capable of bearing three or four boxes of marketable fruit will re- quire about one-half hour, those equal to ten boxes in the neighborhood of one hour {Concluded on fage 16) Jnhj, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Transportation Problems of the West By C. De Vere Fairchild of Yakima, Secretary Deciduous Bureau, Pacific Coast Producers' and Shippers' Association I MAINTAIN that Wenatchee, Yakima, Seattle — Washington, Oregon and California are merely the names of certain geographical locations and that the existence of these names should not in the slightest degree lessen our interest in each other. We are associates in the fullest sense of the word and actuated by this spirit of unity, we are going to successfully solve one of the most stupendous problems confronting the fruit grower and all other interests of the Pacific Coast — the efficient and economi- cal transportation of western fruit to the markets of the world. The capit.il invested in the fruit industry of the Pacific Coast is in excess of $300,- 000,000, and the annual production ex- ceeds 100,000 carloads, or approximately 5 7,000,000 boxes; consisting principally of apples, pears, oranges and lemons. These figures convey some idea of the magnitude of the problem of distribution and the im- portance of efficiency and economy in transportation. This is further exemplified in the statement that the mere saving of 10 cents a box means a total of $5,700,000. This tremendous industry is however still in its infancy, large areas suitable to the production of the highest quality of fruit can yet be brought under irrigation and for many years to come the grower can iceep pace with an increased demand. The pro- duction of fruit on the Pacific Coast there- fore for many years to come will be regu- lated by demand, and demand in turn is largely controlled by the cost and efficiency of transportation. Apples shipped from the Pacific North- west enjoy a wider distribution than any other commodity shipped from one section. In addition to the distribution to over 2,500 cities and towns in the United States a large export trade is being developed to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, South America, Canada and Cuba and now that Mexico is showing signs of peaceful en- deavor, possibly its sixteen million inh.abit- ants can be pursuaded to join the ranics of the consumers of western fruits. yvriTH the exception of a few varieties, '' which constitute a neglig.able percent- age of the total production, all of our apples with proper refrigeration facilities can be distributed to the markets of the world; some varieties require prompt shipment, other varieties can be held in cold storage for a period of seven months and then be safely transported to Europe. This makes possible a shipping season of eight months. During the coming season we hope to make a shipment of 40,000 boxes of Bart- lett pears from Seattle to England, and it is confidently expected that the condition of these pears upon arrival will permit of ex- tended distribution. The export trade presents unlimited pos- sibilities; the installation of refrigeration on vessels engaged in general cargo traffic .ample to meet the possibilities of the trade at port of entry and tributary territory will revolutionize this outlet for western fruit; // the Pticific Coast is to realize the maximum benefits from the great fruit industry, which already refre- sents a capital invest7ne?it of more than $300,000,000 in this section, closer co-oferation between individ- uals, communities and states is nec- essary, in the opinion of C. de Vere Fairchild, Yakima grower, zcho was one of the Washington representa- tives at the recent Pacific Coast conference of fruit growers and shippers held in Seattle. At the con- ference the Pacific Coast Producers^ and Shippers' Association was organ- ized to provide water transportation from the Pacific to the Atlantic for thousands of tons of fruit which the railroads cannot now handle econom- ically or efficiently. m many centers it will increase consump- tion more than ten fold; in others, where western fruit is practically unknown today, a flourishing trade can be developed. To illustrate this statement, a friend of mine operating a newspaper in Toyko, some time ago wrote me as follows: "I am satisfied that a large quantity of Pacific Coast pears could be disposed of among the upper class of Japanese pro- vided you had some way of delivering the fruit here in perfect condition." Hundreds of foreign markets that are capable of consuming tremendous quantities of western fruit are lying dormant waiting for American initiative to equip vessels with proper refrigeration so that western fruit may be delivered to the furthermost corners of the earth with practically no de- terioration in transit. These statements of water transportation possibilities are based on the actual results of certain shipments from Seattle, the offi- cial report of which is as follows: WASHINGTON, D. C, Feb. 4.— Considerable interest has been mani- fested in the results of the venture of Paci- fic Coast apple growers in shipping apples from points on the Pacific direct to Eng- land via the Panama Canal. The American Agriculture Trade Commissioner at London reports that the fruit on both vessels arrived in excellent condition." In speaking of this venture, the Depart- ment of Agriculture says the enterprise of the Pacific Coast Shippers is commendable In every respect. Most of the apples in the consignment were C grade because north- western shippers were naturally somewh.it cautious about placing their best apples in an experimental shipment. However, grati- fying results obtained will encourage them to ship only the highest grade to the British markets in the future. The fruit on the steamship Eemdyk reached Southampton in the latter part of November and went on sale the day after arrival. Deliveries were made throughout the United Kingdom within 24 hours, a notable achievement on the part of the auc- tioneers and the London & Southwestern Railway Company. A representative set of buyers from England and Scotland attended the sale, and many lots were disposed of. The trade commissioner calls attention to the fact that in spite of the long trip there were less than 180 slight breakages in a shipment of over 30,000 boxes. These breakages were so slight that they were easily remedied by putting in a few extra nails'. Though the prices received for this fruit at Southampton were less than the pre- vailing prices of the markets farther north, it must be remembered that the cargo con- tained a great deal of C grade fruit, which is an important factor in accounting for the low prices received. THE fruit on the steamship Kinderdyk, which arrived in London on December 16, was also In excellent condition. The ap- ples were most carefully stowed and were held in position with wooden dunnage nailed along the tops of the boxes. It was declared by a specialist in refrigeration and transportation of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, now in London, that the apple cargo of the Kinderdyk was intact, showing scarcely any evidence of shifting or breakage, and was in remarkably fine condition. Both the steamship com- pany and the Pacific Coast loaders are to be congratulated on the success of these two shipments. As stated in the preceding report, the success of these experimental shipments is due in large measure to the modern and efficient f.acilities which the citizens of King county have wisely provided, to the care and diligence of the dock authorities and steamship representatives, and reflect great credit to the officials connected with the Port of Seattle. While the possibilities of export trade {Continued on page 20) Page 8 BETTER FRUIT The Honey Situation J illy, 1921 By E. H. Tucker, Economic Statistician, First National Bank of Los Angeles and Los Angeles Trust & Savings Bank IT IS ONLY recently that the honey industry has become a specialized important industry in the United States. This develop- ment has taken place almost en- tirely in the State of California and is to a great extent the result of the activity of co-operative mar- keting associations. Heretofore, statistics as to honey pro- duction and consumption in the United States have been almost negligible, be- cause of the fact that the production of honey was maintained as a side-line by the average agriculturist. The development of the honey industry upon a scientific com- mercial basis has created the necessity for accurate information as to honey produc- tion and for a careful scientific analysis of the honey situation. California produces approximately 1 5 per cent of the honey produced in the United States of America. Iowa is the sec- ond state, producing 6 per cent of the en- tire crop of the United States. New York, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin each pro- duce approximately 4 per cent, and Penn- sylvania, Georgia, Florida, Ohio, Indiana, Missouri and Colorado 3 per cent. No other state produces more than 2 per cent of the entire honey supply of the United States. California alone markets the major pro- portion of its honey production outside of the state in which it is produced. As a gen- eral rule from 70 per cent to 90 per cent of the commercial honey produced in Cali- fornia is marketed outside of the state and from one-third to one-half of the honey marketed outside of the state in which produced is California honey. Careful estimates as to commercial honey production in California during the past 20 years are given below: Year Pounds 1900 2,208,000 1901 8,112,000 1902 5,125,000 1903 . 8,400,000 1904 1,040,000 1905 10,000,000 1906 -- 4,510,000 1907 7,120,000 1908 4,5 24,000 1909 11,532,000 1910 4,080,000 1911 9,500,000 1912 4,710,000 1913 3,720,000 1914 7,950,000 1915 9,360,000 1916 __ 8,100,000 1917 6,500,000 1918 ._ - -- 5,500,000 1919 6,3 50,000 1920 (not final).... 9,500,000 It is impossible to secure accurate figures as to total honey produced in the United States of America. However, the chief of the field service of the Department of Agriculture estimates that 130,000,000 pounds will approximate the total honey production in the United States during 1916, and states that it is his belief that these figures are within 10 per cent of the actual production. Upon this basis it is three forms in which honey enters the com- mercial market. Next in importance to ex- tracted honey is comb honey and there is a small amount of chunk honey sold upon the market. By chunk honey is meant that honey which is sold in the form in which it is taken from the hive, wax and honey being intermingled. Practically all of the honey now pro- duced in California is extracted honey. In 1916, 81 per cent of the California com- mercial production was sold in such form. In 1917, 82 per cent; in 1918, 90 per cent; in 1919, 97 per cent, and in 1920, estimated that the total production for the United States was about 150,000,000 pounds in 1917, 180,000,000 pounds in 1918, 210,000,000 pounds in 1919 and 250,000,000 pounds in 1920. It may be, however that the 1920 production of honey in the United States totaled as much as 300,000,000 pounds. This is the estimate made by Dr. E. F. Phillip, epiculturist of the Bureau of Entomology. COMMERCIAL honey is produced al- most exclusively in the form of ex- tracted, or bulk honey, although there are 96 per cent. In the United States approxi- mately 5 5 per cent to 60 per cent of all honey produced is sold as extracted honey. Comb honey is relatively unimportant in California, production of such honey in 1920 amounting to only 2 per cent of the total amount of honey produced in the state. This is the result of the gradual change to extracted honey, as in 1916 approximately 18 per cent of California honey was sold as comb honey. The production of comb honey is ex- ceptionally difficult and its lasting qualities are such that it is hard to market comb July, 1921 honey outside of the state in which it is produced. As a consequence, the bulk of the comb honey sold in the United States is that produced and sold locally in various Eastern states. In 1916 and 1917, 38 per cent of all the honey produced in the United States was produced in the form of comb honey. In 1918 the percentage was 31 per cent and in 1919 and 1920, 30.5 per cent. Approximately 1 per cent of the honey produced in the United States is sold as chuni< honey. In California only from one to two per cent of all honey produced is sold in this form. The principal markets for honey moving through the regular channels of trade are reported as Medina, Ohio; Cincinnati, New York City, Chicago, Kans.as City, Philadel- phia and Boston. It is estimated, however, that approximately 90 per cent of the honey produced in the country, with the excep- tion of the California production, does not get 25 miles from the home of the honey producer. In the past the markets for commer- cially produced honey have been, to a great extent, foreign markets. In 1919 there were 9,105,362 pounds of honey exported from the United States. The principal im- porting countries were the United King- dom, which imported 2,882,951 pounds; France, which imported 1,129,704 pounds; Sweden, which imported 1,128,1 52 pounds; Belgium, which imported 922,008 pounds; The Netherlands, which imported 690,595 pounds; Denmark, which imported 417,- 492 pounds; and Canada, which imported 297,414 pounds. While these exportations to foreign countries during 1919 were slightly larger than normal exportations, because of the sugar shortage, they may nevertheless be taken as indicative of the proportion of American produced honey formerly absorbed by foreign markets. AT present, these markets are being defi- nitely closed to United States honey producers. In 1920 there were only 1,5 39,- 725 pounds of honey exported from the United States of America, almost 5 per cent less than total exportations to Great Britain during 1919 and approximately 83 per cent less than total exportations during 1919. Several factors are closing these foreign markets to American honey producers. The first of these is the depreciation in foreign exchanges, which is making it exceptionally difficult for foreign countries to purchase American produced goods. This situation may be only temporary and the organization of the new $100,000,000 Foreign Trade Financing Corporation may materially assist in stabilizing exchanges. The other factor which is closing foreign markets to American productions is probably permanent. Throughout the world, com- panies are being formed to further honey production. Cheap labor costs, and inferior BETTER FRUIT methods in handling honey will probably assure these corporations a comparative mo- nopoly on foreign honey markets. The situation is made doubly serious by the fact that many of these companies are formed with the express purpose of ex- ploiting United States markets. They are shipping quantities of extracted honey into the New York market. This honey, it is alleged, is sometimes shipped into the United States in containers, consisting of previously used casks, barrels, and even five gallon oil cans. This imported honey is not always produced under sanitary conditions and may even contain bacilli larvae, which are germs of a very contagious disease, sim- ilar in seriousness to the boll weevil in the cotton industry. Consequently, efforts are being made to secure an emergency protec- tive tariff of not less than 5 cents per pound upon every pound of honey imported into the United States from foreign mar- kets. The purpose of this tariff is not only NOTICE NURSERYMEN Nursery licenses expire June 30th. The law requires renewals each year, July 1st, by payment of the annual license fee of $5.00 and filing a bond in the sum of $1,000.00. Only surety company bonds will be accepted by the Director of Agriculture. Nursery agents' licenses must also be re- newed July 1st. The fee for each agent's license is $1.00. to protect United States honey from com- petition with foreign honey, but is also to protect the honey industry from possible in- roads which .these larvae might make upon the bee of the United States, if importation is permitted to continue. A movement to require rigid inspection of imported honey and rejection of any honey containing in- jurious larvae could do much to correct this evil, but present attempts by producers seem to be directed toward efforts to secure tariff protection. The United States honey industry is to- day definitely faced with the fact that it must rely almost entirely upon domestic markets in the future. In the past it has been the custom to market domestically pro- duced honey in five-gallon cans, containing sixty pounds of extracted honey. As a gen- eral rule two of these cans form a case. A considerable proportion of this honey was retailed direct from the can into containers belonging to the consumers. The baking trade in the United States has used large proportions of the United States produced honey in preference to sugar, be- cause it permits the holding of a certain proportion of moisture In baked goods. As commercial baked goods tend to dry and chip easily if sugar is used, honey is con- sidered superior for sweetening purposes. IN ORDER to better exploit local markets a new means of marketing honey is fast gaining in favor In the United States and is being pushed by co-operative honey assocla- Page 9 tlons in California. Honey is being put up for the retail trade in one pound, two and a half pounds, five-pound and ten-pound friction-top cans, and in eight-ounce and sixteen-ounce glasses. These containers carry a label showing the name of the canning company and the source of the honey, so that its cleanliness can be vouched for. Ac- tive steps are being taken to develop larger home markets for this new form of honey. The food value of honey is unquestioned, as it contains 1485 heat calories per pound. High railroad freight rates are interfer- ing with the marketing of California pro- duced honey, and active steps are being taken to secure a reduction in these rates so that California honey can enter the Eastern markets of the United States. With the de- velopment of water transportation, through the Panama Canal, It is anticipated that in- creasing amounts of California honey can enter Eastern markets at cheaper transpor- tation costs. It is being found that co- operative marketing of honey, as at present carried on In California, Is reducing the cost of marketing honey by several cents per pound, thereby assisting in profitable mar- keting. The California Honey Producers' Co-operative Exchange, with head offices in Los Angeles, markets the honey of ap- proximately 85 per cent of the California commercial producers. The problems which the honey industry of the United States, and particularly of California, are faced today are, therefore, three-fold. The first Is the securing of an effective means of excluding any infected foreign honey, the second Is a reduction in freight rates to Eastern markets, the third Is the preparation of honey in more mar- ketable forms and the development of larger consumption in the United States. The first of these problems will require Congressional action. The solution of the second will be made easier through the de- velopment of water transportation through the Panama Canal and the ready response which is being made in retail markets to the new forms of marketing honey will go a long way in solving the third problem. Honey prices have dropped materially in the past year, because of general readjust- ment and because of the closing of foreign markets. While in 1918 and 1919 and the earlier part of 1920 the prices for the bet- ter grades of California honey in Los An- geles markets ranged between 1 8 cents and 23 cents. These prices have now dropped to as low as 12 cents and 13 cents. Predic- tions as to future honey prices can not be made with any accuracy today, but indica- tions are that with the development of new domestic markets the excess honey for- merly shipped to foreign countries will tend to be absorbed in the United States. A poor spraying equipment makes con- trol difficult. No more spray rods or guns should be used than the outfit will sup- port and still maintain a good reserve with- out overtaxing the engine or pump. Page 10 BETTER FRUIT Jtilfi, ui.n North Pacific Coast Line Joint Service of The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company— Holland- America Line Fast Freight Service Between VANCOUVER, B. C—PUGET SOUND— COLUMBIA RIVER— SAN FRANCISCO— and LOS ANGELES HARBOR LONDON— LIVERPOOL— HULL— ROTTERDAM— AMSTERDAM— ANTWERP- HAMBURG and HAVRE From Pacific Coast Ports Loading M. S. SOMERSETSHIRE Late July S. S. KINDERDYK Early August S. S. MOERDYK Late August S. S. NOORDERDYK Ute September S. S. EEMDYK Early October From Europe Loading S. S. MOERDYK Early August S. S. NOORDERDYK Early August S. S. EEMDYK Late August All Steamers Equipped with Large Coolrooms and Refrigerators for the Transportation of Fish, Fruit, Cheese and Other Perishable Cargo For freight rates and space apply: Oregon-Pacific Co., 203 Wilcox Bldg., Portland, Oregon— Main 4565 Orchard Queen Cider Mill 100'A JUICE It doesn't crush the apples, but grates or grinds them, breaking the juice cells so that when the pomace is pressed in the sani- tary cloth sacks, all of the juice is ex- tracted. Orchard Queen is the simplest, easiest operated, cleanliest and most efficient of cider mills. No metal in cylinder or hop- per to ■ discolor juice. Operated by hand or power. Made in two sizes. Our folder explains in detail the construction and operation of the Orchard Queen Mill. Write for it. Puffer-Hubbard Manufacturing Co. 3203 Kast J6th St. Minneapolis. Minn. WHEN WRITING AOVERTIBEBS MENTION BETTEB FHOIT July, Ifl.'l "Decision Day" By J. S. Crutchfield, President American Fruit Growers, Inc. THE general business situation is charac- terized by the lack of any distinct character. In other words, the country, and probably the world, has perhaps now reached the extreme height or depth of un- settlement. If this be the case, and we be- lieve it is a fact, it means, speaking m basic terms, that conditions are ripe for a distinct and healthy restoration of confi- dence in business. All that is lacking at the present time is definite leadership and a decision day. When general business has stopped .as still as it now has in many lines, it requires concerted action, under compe- tent direction, to make the initial start. A verv pertinent question is: Have we reached the time when the word "Go" should be given? In other words, should July 1 5 next, be "Decision Day," when the secretary of commerce, representing the ad- ministration, sh,all give the "Go" sign to .all commerce and industry: Most assuredly no earlier date than July 1 would have been opportune, and it might even be better to defer the date for this "all-together effort" until .August 1 or Sep- tember 1 . It is hard to im.agine how fundamental conditions in the United States could be better than at present. The present acute depression is artificial, unnatural and unnecessary. In our opinion, anv such acute depression is wholh' due t) the unwillingness of the human factors in the rank of both capital and labor to recog- nize and bow to the inevitable. Economic forces are actively in operation which refuse to follow the direction or ideas of either the captains of industry, the leaders of labor unions, or even the dictates of governments, unless such dictates con- form to such natural laws. The three big lines which make for nor- mal volume of business are: 1. The approaching harvest of a crop produced at post-war costs, and which should, and undoubtedly can be sold at a net profit to the farmer. 2. The great building needs of the nation. 3. The vast and immediate needs of the railroads, in anticipation of a-resumption of normal traffic. Only such a crisis as the past year could have forced the farmers of the nation to get their production costs down in connec- tion with the present maturing crops. It would be a tremendous misfortune for the coming generation if an extensive na- tion-wide building boom should have taken place on the basis of the inflated costs of material, transportation and labor, hereto- fore, and even now, prevailing. It would be nothing short of a calamity for the impoverished railroads to have been forced into the market for extensive im- BETTER FRUIT Page 11 <7r-0 qUAR.ANTEE \V) best r<-sults in dust- ing use "Calispray" Du.'ls made in our own factory for the American Beauty Dust Sprayer — a brar\cl, ready prepared, for every insect pest. In Difficult Places Convenience in the use of any sprayer is determined by the ease with which inaccessible places may be treated. The American Beauty Dust Sprayer forces its strong blast to the very center of the tree, dusting the underside of leaves and penetrating the blossom cluster— good breed- ing places for pests but seldom treated with the average sprayer. Being a hand machine the operator can go into most diliicult places, treating the infested plant with greatest convenience. One man can dust 15 acres a day in orchard work, and in fields or vineyards the acreage covered is, of course, much greater. Dusting with an American Beauty Dust Sprayer and "Calispray" Dusts is a method un- equalled in the control of Aphis, Thrips, Mildew, Red Spider, Leaf Hopper and other pests. Through dealers or direct from us. The California Sprayer Co. 6001-11 Pasadena Avenue Los Angeles, California 624 N. Sixth Street Walla Walla, Washington Write for Terms E F F I C I E N C Y POWER PRUNE DIPPERS AND TRAYERS We make the best. Write for our catalogue. This is the dipper demonstrated at the State Fair at Salem last season. Order now while we have the supply. SALEM MFG. CO., Salem, Oregon Factory located at 1396 North Front an.l Hood Streets WHEN IVRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FBUIT Page 12 provements and extensions at the rate of wages and cost of steel and other material. The great American business machine came to a stand-still while the major ad- justment was being made; and it is perfect- ly obvious and gratifying to know that it will be impossible to make any substantial start on the major recovery unless it be on a right, sound and permanent basis of price of materials, transportation and labor. July 1 5 is a possible "decision day" pro- vided the railroads are willing on that date, simultaneously, to put into effect perma- nent or emergency rates on agricultural products, building materials, road materials, coal and similar heavy lines which go into the matter of the nation's food and build- ing needs. These freight rates were, on September 1 , 1920, simultaneously raised 25 per cent to 40 per cent. The nation's business is so closely related that the present program of "nibbling" at one rate after another, and to such an inadequate degree except where water transportation is forcir.g adequate re- ductions, obviously does not meet the need of the situation. The decreased rates must be put into effect simultaneously, at least on the above lines, in order to make possible the necessary simultaneous stimulation which is needed to get business really started promptly. Steel and material of all kinds for build- ing and railroads' construction, which are materially above a pre-war price, must also put in emergency prices for a while, and simultaneously, if they would have general business resume witncit further unnecessary sacrifice; and labor^ (.n the same date, must be willing, for the time being at least, to accept such a wage as the traffic will bear. The question of profit, on the first few months' business is immaterial. The farmer produced a whole crop 1: ' year at a tre- mendous loss below the cost of production. No corresponding sacrifice will he i-i-uired from labor or from other lines of business, if concerted actio i and co-op -ration can be secured on July !5, August i, or Septem- ber 1 — whichev;^ day is determined upon as "Decision Da) .'' It is unreasonable 'o force 60 per cent of the nation's traffic to do what has been done during the past fen- months, namely, pay to the railroads a hi,-; ler gross and net income than 110 per cent traffic produced in gross and net incc-.ie one year ago. On julv 1 the railroads received a dis- tinct and material decrease in their labor costs and improvement in the classification and rules affecting the employment of la- bor. This succor having been afforded by the government's action through the labor board, it is perfectly right that the govern- ment should insist that either permanent or emergency freight rates should be put into operation; and these freight rates, in the above lines, should approximate the basis ob- ( Concluded on fage 13) BETTER FRUIT July, 1931 Water Instead of Ice! This process of cooling by evaporation is recommended by the United States De- partment of Agriculture, and is being used successfully in thousands of homes. The Empire Iceless Refrigerator will save your food from spoiling through the hot sum- mer months, and there is absolutely no expense attached to its use. Made also in windlass type for use in wells, etc. It is a proven success, and is guaranteed to do the work. Let us send you descriptive folder and prices. Farm Supply Company 281 12th St. Portland, Ore "Always At Your Service" Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: LADDERS BOX PRESSES PACKING CHAIRS BOX-MAKING BENCHES and AUTOMATIC ELEVATORS all GRAVITY & POWER CONVEYOR kinds POTATO GRADERS AND SIZERS of PRICE FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Special NELSON FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Equipment PRICE "PRICE PRODUCTS" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packmg house or v^arehouse. Illustrated Booklets and Price List on Request Fruit Appliance Company Successors to Price Manufact'iring Company, Inc. YAKIMA, WASHINGTON July, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page IS Marketing Conference ELIMINATION of wastes in assembling and warehousing fruits at shipping points, amalgamation of existing co-opera- tive associations, financing of the industry, principles of fruit marketing, evils of the present system of handling fruit and other national problems will be considered at the Western Fruit Mariieting Conference to be held in the rooms of the Chamber of Com- merce at Portland, July 11,12 and 13. The committee in charge of the confer- ence consists of H. L. Hull, Yakima, chair- man; Dr. S. B. Nelson, Washington State College, Pullman, Wash., and A. G. Craig, East Farms, Wash. The program, which is sponsored by the state farm bureaus of Oregon, Washington, California, Montana, Idaho and Utah, will include the following addresses: ' Water Transportation — C. De Vere Fairchild of Yakima, secretary decldvious bureau, Pacific Coast Producers' & Shippers' Association. Fundamental Principles of Fruit Marketing — Dr. Hector McPherson, Corvallis, director farm markets. History and Evils of Present Fruit Market Sys- tem — Colonel Weinstock, San Francisco. National Marketing Problems — Samuel Adams, Chicago, editor American Fruit Grower. "rinicples of Marketing Systems — W. S. Shearer, Lewiston, Idaho, president Idaho Farm Bureau Fed- eration. Advertising Plans — C. I. Lewis, Salem, assistant manager Oregon Co-operative Growers' Association. Elimination of Wastes in Assembling and Ware- housing Fruit at Shipping Points — Ed Pierce of Opportunity, Wash., manager of Spokane Valley Growers' Union. Refrigeration — R. R. Railthorp of Spokane, gov- "Decision Day" ( Continued from fage 1 2 ) taining before the advance of September 1, 1920. It is unnatural and undesirable to expect business conditions to be very stable the next few years. Hence the need in all phases of business is sufficient elasticity and adapt- ability to meet the varying trade currents. Foreign developments, as well as the final outcome of the crops, are always important, but uncertain, determining factors. If the nation should again enter a period of great prosperity, which is possible, the railroads should be allowed immediately to participate in such prosperity — certainly un- til they fully recover and are able to supply the increasing needs for transportation of any such prosperity. The administration's ability to success- fully cope with the foreign situation, and gradually institute such improvements as will approach the extreme needs of our own and foreign nations, is unquestioned. No nation could have more reason to be optimistic than the American nation has today; a world in great need of our prod- ucts and our financial assistance, on the one hand, and our abundant supply of both products and money with which to respond to such needs, on the other hand. ernmcnt specialist in fruit storage and railway transportation. Loading and Supervision of Cars in Transit' — W. J. Urquehart of Yakima, Wash., manager Yak- ima Valley Traffic & Credit Association. Storage at Points of Origin and Destination — F. W. Graham of Seattle, western immigratiorx and industrial agent, Great Northern railway. Increasing Efficiency of Distributing Points — C. H. Swigart of Yakima, manager Yakima Fruit Growers' Association. Amalgamation of Existing Co-operative Mar- keting Associations and Organizations of Addi- tional Units — George A. Mansfield of Medford, president of Oregon State Farm Bureau. Financing the Growers and Acceptance of Fruit Paper by Local and Federal Reserve Banks — F. A. Duncan, Yakima, Wash., president Yakima Na- tional Bank. The Future of Co-operative Marketing — E. A. Bryan, Boise, Idaho, state commissioner of edu- cation. Necessity for an Annual Western Fruit Market- ing Conference — Ward M. Sachett, Hamilton, Mont., manager Montana Fruit Distributers- Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" Flll .velfare of the industry at heart. Published Monthly Eveii With the reductioii in Better Fruit Publishing Company freight rates about which so much Twelfth and Jefferson Streets [l^g beCIl Said aild SO little matCr- PORTLAND, OREGON j^jj^^^ ^^ y^^. ^j^^ ^^^^^ ^f transpor- JkuRoiZ^owEN .■.■.Assodaie'Edhor tation arc far from the pre-war i•Dl^IN°°''wILLIAMs.•.•.'''r"'r'."^''"^'" level which must be approached if ....San Francisco Representative, Hobart Bldg. ^^^ grOWCrS are tO rCCcivC a fair STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS profit on their product. If, with °^\lH°NGT6N-Dr' A "^^^ Mdander, Ento- lowcr ratcs, stcamship lines are able mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist. Pull- ^^ deliver Pacific CoaSt fruit in ^S^i-^t°°E-g-Sou^;frr=rig?.'irE;pe"rt.l"?e good Condition to Eastcm distrib- ARfztNAllS°."«de^°Honi^uUurist, Tuscon. utiiig Centers, they are certain to MONTANA— H. Thornbcr, Victor. get a heavy volume of business. CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- & / , gist, Berkeley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist, It IS nOt altogether a OUCStlOU Ot Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, o J . Riverside. , , ratcs. It IS a question or tacilities, INDIANA — H. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. 11 r-i ^ r ^ 'U ^'^" ■' as well. Shortage of cars contnb- All Communications should be addressed and ^j-gg gj-eatlv tO the difficulties of Remittances made payable to T • ' 1 • BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY the shipper endeavoriiig to move Subscription Price: l^' f„,,:(- from the Wcst It ITlUSt In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. tllS irUir irom me VN CSl. .1 UlUbl Canada and Foreign, including postage, »z.oo, ^ remembered that all freight cars payable in American exchange. "^ o Advertising Rates on Application. ^j-g j^qj adaptable tO the tranSpOr- tation of fruit. And that there is Fifteen Years ^ distinct shortage in refrigerated With this issue of Better cars is admitted by all the railroads. Fruit is begun its sixteenth year Plans to provide excellent re- of service to the fruit grower frigeration facilities on steamship of the Pacific Northwest. Through lines plying to the Atlantic coast, years of discouragement, when the Asia and Europe insure their use to fruit industry truly was in its in- a large extent by the fruit growers. fancy in this section of America, An important step in the solving Better Fruit continued the coun- of transportation difficulties was seller and friend of every grower, taken in Seattle last month when "Service!" That has been the the Pacific Coast Producers and watchword of Better Fruit. Shippers Association was formed. Only through service to the grower Six thousand carloads of fruit from has the publication of such a maga- California and 4000 to 5000 from zine been justified. For the future the Pacific Northwest were prom- we have pretentious plans. We ised representatives of steamship hope to extend our scope and inf lu- lines at the organization meeting. ence, to concentrate in our columns The aim of the new association, not only the technical horticultural we are told, is "to encourage the developments in fruit growing but shipping of fruit by water to Gulf the solution of marketing problems and Atlantic Coast ports as well as and other difficulties facing the to Europe and the Orient, and to industry. endeavor to obtain better general To our friends of many years, service in delivering Pacific Coast we express our cordial appreciation fruit to eastern markets through of their loyalty and pledge our- water transportation." selves to greater service in the fu Better Fruit has no quarrel ture. with the railroads. The rail lines have faced tremendous problems of Water Transportation readjustment and their burdens are That the real solution of trans- heavy. Better Fruit can recall portation difficulties for fruli"- that co-operation of the railroads growers of the Pacific Coast lies in has been of vital assistance in the the development of the water development of the fruit industry- routes to the Atlantic seaboard and in the West. But the railroads are Europe is the belief of many well- not meeting the situation today, Julij, 10£1 likely through no fault of their own. We believe that the provision of adequate water transportation for fruit will be of great importance to the industry if the West, which is growing so fast that future years will require the utmost facilities of combined rail and water routes to move the crops. The Outlook The increase in freight rates, high production costs, a general cur- tailment in buying and the defla- tion program have all had their in- fluence in making the past season for deciduous fruits not as profit- able as preceding seasons, yet in many respects the fruitgrowers of the Northwest are in much better condition financially than those of most other sections of the country. This is especially the case in regard to the box apple industry which, although far from being as satis- factory as growers and shippers would wish will wind up in much better shape than that of the citrus growers, who have had to take a loss instead of making a small mar- gin of profit or at least breaking even. Indications now are that the com- ing season will be more favorable. So far, weather conditions have been admirable for a good crop of all fruits in addition to the fact that producing costs along most lines are coming down. The price of boxes compared to last year has declined very materially, while la- bor and other costs show a tendency toward a sharp decline. Authentic reports on the outlook for improved business conditions in the near fu- ture, and efforts toward a widening of the export trade for American commodities of all descriptions lead to the belief that the coming year should result in a much more suc- cessful outcome for the fruit in- dustry generally. 'T'HE United States apple crop this year is esti- -^ mated at 107,698,000 bushels as against 24-0,- 442,000 bushels in 1920. A much grcnter pro- portion of the total will originate in the North- west this year, however, as the big producing states of the east and south have suffered severe frost damage, and besides they would naturally expect a lighter crop following their heavy one of last year. ./»///. ion BETTER FRUIT Page 15 Water Shipment of Fruit ON June 1 delegates from the fruit dis- tricts of California, Oregon and Wash- ington held a convention in Seattle and or- ganized the Pacific Coast Producers' and Shippers' Association. C. S. Whitco;nb, vice-president of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, was elected president of the association. The object of the new association is to encourage the shipping of fruit bv water to Gulf and Atlantic Coast ports, as well .is to Europe and the Orient, and to endeavor to secure better general service in delivering Pacific Co.ist fruit to Eastern maricets through water transporta- tion. At the meeting steamship companies w^ere assured that for this season the asso- ciation would guarantee 6,000 cars from California and 4,000 to 5,000 from the P.a- cific Northwest. The new .association has two branches, the citrus for California interests .and deciduous for shippers and growers of fruit in the Pa- cific Northwest. J. H. Wade of Wenatchee W.IS elected president of the deciduous fruit branch; C. DeVere Fairchild of Yakima, secretary and treasurer. Directors at large, C. L. Lewis of Salem and H. F. Davidson of Hood River. The shipments of fruit will be largely from the ports of Seattle, Tacoma, Portland and San Francisco. Steam- ship companies have indicated their willing- ness to equip vessels with cold storage facili- ties for handling shipments of fruit. Unequal Readjustment IN a recent tabulation by Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce, a graphic illus- tration was given of the unequal progress in the various steps in economic readjust- ment. It showed the danger of the agri- cultural industry and its standards of living being undermined. The following index numbers show present heights — 100 being 1913: Farm crop prices, 115; farm meat ani- mals, 123; wholesale index, all commodi- ties, 162; building materials, 212; house furnishings, 275; clothing, 192; fuel and light, 207; railway rates, 166; building- trade wages (skilled), 177. Put YOUR Waste Acres on the Right Side of the Ledger TAKE an "account of stock" of your land. See how much of it is in debt to you — idle, cropless acres cutting down your income and reducing the profits of your labor. Clear this land of stumps. Turn your idle acreage into product-bearing fields adding dollars to your yearly income. Clear land by the modern means — use STUMPING POWDERS Du Pont and Repauno Brands Experiments and actual operations in this section of the country have proved the true economy of Du Pont Stumping Powders. In some cases a saving of 50^ in time and labor has resulted by using the easier and quicker dynamite method. The constant supervision under which Du Pont and Repauno Stumping Powders are manufactured make them the most efficient and most uniform powders on the market today. Send for "Development of Logged-off Lands", telling how to use dynamite for land-clearing, ditch- ing and tree-planting. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., Inc. Pond Products (Nation-Wide Distribution) With the exception of the sizing machine, no horticultural invention of modern times has SO reduced the cost and improved the qua! it V of output of our orchards as the POND PROP-HOOKS. POND SCREW- EYE and POND "CENTIPEDE" LAD- DER. No fruit grower can afford to he without these devices. Descriptive cir- culars and prices on request. Russell G. Pond ' Forest Enciiicer) INVENTOR AND SHIPPER Parkdalc. 1 lood River Valley, Oregon ARE YOU BUILDING A DRYER? Don't Waste Money! Buy the FIEBER AIR HEATER Requires no piping — Eliminates fire dangers — Uses little wood- Increases the capacity of your dryer. THREE YEARS IN PUBLIC OPERATION For Particulars, Write to W. W. ROSEBRAUGH CO. SALEM, OREGON WHEN HTBITINR A0VEBT1BES8 UKNTION BnTEB FBDIT Page 16 BETTER FRUIT July, 1921 B Standardization Improves Berry Pack ASED upon reports from Inspector Bot- tel, County Horticultural Commis- sioner H. J. Ryan, of Los Angeles, has the following to remark on the value of stand- ardization as affecting the southern berry pack : "The method employed this season of preparing strawberries for market and ship- ment unpacked or loose packed is meeting with great favor by growers, shippers, deal- ers, retailers, and consumers. It does away with the incentive for deceptive packing and at the same time permits of full com- pliance with the fresh fruit and vegetable standardization laws. "The grower is fully convinced that it is to his interest to grade the berries, and the consumer feels that he can now buy with a fair assurance of getting a full box of good fruit. The shippers are agreed that loose packed berries carry to distant markets in much better condition than when placed compactly. The dealer and retailer can now offer berries in three grades — No. 1 consist- ing of mature, well-colored, well-picked berries, uniform in size, of fine quality, free from all defects and averaging about one inch in diameter. The No. 2 berries are of about the same quality as No. 1, except that they will average about three-fourths inch in diameter. No. 3 grade consists of small berries of fair quality." Picking Raspberries RASPBERRIES should be picked just as soon as they will come off the core without crumbling in the picking. Place the first two fingers and the thumb behind the berry and gently pull it off without much pressure. Do not hold many berries in the hand at one time or they will be crushed and be spoiled for shipping. Also do not put over-ripe berries in the same box with good, solid ones, or they will not ship well. A soft berry soon molds and spoils the whole crate. Fill the boxes full, but do not round or heap up in the center or the cover will crush them. Be careful not to allow the sun to shirie on the berries any more than po.-.sibIe after they are picked. The Value of Thinning (Continued from page 6) and those of fifteen to twenty boxes ca- pacity will require from one and one-hal f to two hours each. In removing the fruit the hand is much more rapid than thinning shears and should be used with all varieties excepting the very short stemmed ones and those clinging very tenaciously to the spurs. Of all orchard practices that tend to in- crease the size and color of the fruit, thin- ning is the only one under the complete control of the grower. It is sure to increase the value of the crop with the least drain upon the tree. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spplding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. COPPER CANSc;fd"S'Trec. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiimiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiri Copper with Screw Caps. Highest Grade Cans on the Market. Mail Orders Shipped atcincein Strong ^ xVood Boxes. Money Back ifOid'^li^fied. 1 K** Circ u'nr^^ rei-, I Hydrometers $1.50 COPPER ""rUBlNG per foot. '^-inch. 20c: «.in. 25c: !i-in.35c: ^-in.60e: l.in.9Jc (length. uplo30ft.) Unions: ><-in. 35c; '^-in. 50c; K-in, 75c; V(-in. $1.00; l-in. $1.50. STANDARD METAL WORKS 6 Beach St., Boston, Mass. Depi. 014 Me-o-my, how you'll take to a pipe — and P.A.! Before you're a day older you want to let the idea slip under your hat that this is the open season to start something with a joy'us jimmy pipe — and Prince Albert! Because, a pipe packed with P. A. sat- isfies a man as he was never satisfied before — and keeps him satisfied! Why — P. A.'s flavor and fragrance and coolness and its freedom from bite and parch (cut out by our exclusive patented process) are a revelation to the man who never could get acquainted with a pipe! Ever roll up a cigarette with Prince Albert? Man, man — but you've got a party coming your way! Talk about a cigarette smoke; we tell you it's a peach! Prince Albert is sold in toppy red bags, tidy red tins, handsome pound and half pound tin humidors and in the pound crystal slass humidor with sponge moistener top. PRINCE Copyrletit 1921 by B. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Wlnston-Salem, N. C, the national Joy antoke Albert Jtdy, 1921 BETTER FRUIT The Nut Industry of the Northwest By Knight Pearcy of Salem THE Northwest country of America can produce commercially three varieties of nuts, chestnuts, walnuts and filberts. The nut producing sections of this region are limited almost wholly to that part of the states of Oregon and Washington located west of the Cascade range. While there are few or no commercial orchards of chestnuts of any considerable size, still there are groups of trees scattered pretty well over this whole region whose performance is such as to warrant the be- lief that chestnuts can be grown here com- mercially in case the market demands are such as to make such groves desirable. Near Salem is a planting of trees some t^venty years of age. In spite of the fact that these trees are planted much too close together and that they have been given poor care they average fifty pounds of nuts per tree annually. Some of the trees have produced 100 pounds and one yielded 150 pounds one season. Other small plantings in the Willamette valley have done equ.illy well. We can be assured of an average yield of at least 1200 pounds per acre. Chestnuts have brought twenty-five to forty cents per pound to the grower on the Chicago market in past years. The great native chestnut regions of the East which have heretofore furnished the needs of the American trade are fast van- ishing as a result of a terrible disease which has been killing off thousands of acres of trees annually for the last twenty years. Plant pathologists say that there is no hope of saving these plantings and that it is im- possible to grow commercial plantings in the area of the native chestnut since the dis- ease spreads to the cultivated varieties, with these nuts they must be either supplied Hence if our markets are to be supplied from foreign sources or else from a limited section of the middle west in which the nut is not native, or from our Pacific North- west. There is no question as to whether we can grow the nut here successfully. The ques- tion to be decided is simply whether market demands are such as to warrant planting the orchards. The writer believes that in time we will plant a limited acreage of chest- nuts along with other nuts. The chestnut is easy to grow. It thrives on a free soil where drainage is good. It should be planted at thirty-five to forty feet intervals. The walnut is a nut that has proved its adaptability to conditions of this country. It will some day be listed among our great crops, along with the loganberry and the prune. The United States has averaged annually for the last ten years an importation of 18,000,000 pounds of unshelled walnuts and 11,500,000 pounds of shelled walnuts. California in 1919 produced 56,000,000 pounds. Consumption of nuts is increasing very rapidly in this country. Oregon has about 8000 acres of walnuts. Fifty per cent of this acreage will in all probability develop into high grade proper- ties. One may wonder why only half of the total plantings of the state show prospect of succeeding commercially. The reasons are several. The walnut is not adapted to a Ridley, Houlding & Co. CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy Page 17 ALBATROSS BRANDS How to prevent the "blotch" or "burn" of the spray on fruit Observe this study in contrasts. The apple at the left was sprayed with Arsenate of Lead— a wonder- fully good spray. But the user neylectt-d to mix "Spray Spread" with it. Below is a similar apple- sprayed with the same kind of spray— but Albatross Spray Spread was mixtd with the spray. Note the difference — the* "lead" dried on the FIRST apple in I spots— orblotchs.xiit; second apple received an equal amount of proteciive spray — but it spread over the apple in a thin film. .Appearance and mar- keting appeal of the apple is thus retained, i The pictures tell why I Government experts I are so enthused over I "Spray Spread" — I why experienced hor- I ticulturists say it has ., ^ ,,..,,, ... , ,, ^NO pQual for spread- Aote he blotch vr burn of ^^ "arsenate of the lead on this apple lead" spray. ALBATROSS SPRAY SPREAD (CaUiiini Casemate l'o)!;t''uiH() Quality Features: 1. Very finely ground — always uniform. 2. Quickly Soluble. 3. No lost time. 4. Protects fruit with uniform coating. 5. Does not injure foliage. 6. Recommended by experts. 7. Guaran teed by manufacturers. Directions sent with each order \'ote the mit/oritt. adhcjtng film on this apple PACKAGES AND PRICES 2001b. Bbl. B>xes 2 lb. Pkgs. 22^ lb. 2^f? ID. 25^ lb. Freight prepaid to Northwest points. Note: If you use Casien. Albatross Superfine, is the brand to buy. Very finely ground — quickly soluble when mixed with alkali. MbatrosSi PaTntT ■BflL BASIC pWP.p — for Storage plants, packing sheds, etc. During the last six years a very large proportion of the major in- dustrial plants, warehouses, lumber mills and can* neries ( list on application! have been nade "spick and span" with Albatross Cold Water Paint. This paint is very economical to use — dry s snow white- will NOT peel or rub off —retards fire - easy to apply — and when properly applied, reduces insurance rates. Has remarkable spreading and covering qualities — will W(irk over wood, rock, plaster or other material. For almost any kind of commercial interior. AlbatrossCold Water Paint is unequalled. Extensively used in the fruit world for storage plants, packing sheds, etc. Tell us your require ments — we can meet them to your complete satis- faction. • • * Gt-neral Basic Products Co., Sole Manufacturers. 2')2u lf)ih Ave.S.W.. Seattle. U.S.A. Dealers . Address us for attractive sales proposition. Page 18 \vidc range of conditions as are the prune, loganberry or filbert. It does very well when conditions favor it, but it is a waste of money to try to make it grow where con- ditions are unfavorable. .\ large amount of money has been wasted b\- trying to grow nut groves in locations where air or water drain.ige is poor or where the soil is shallow. Others lost out by planting inferior trees or inferior varieties and still others by not properly caring for their trees after they were planted. The young walnut tree re- quires a lot of babying. AIR drainage is of first Importance in selecting a site for a walnut grove. Ws know of one grove that has lost crops in recent years from both late spring frosts and from early fall frosts. The hill lands are general] v well drained both in respect to air and water, but it does not always follow that because a site is in the hills that such is the case. The walnut grows to be a large tree and is a heavy feeder and thrives much in pro- portion to the depth and fertility of its soil. The white, poorly drained, level lands should never be planted to nuts. The river bottoms will grow a fine tree and grow it more rapidly than will the hills, but they are more subject to frost than are the hills. Some locations along the river bottoms seem much more frost free than are others and on these nut growing may be successful. They will usually be hit by frost more often than will the hills, but they will yield larger crops and will bear commercially a little earlier when the frosts do not inter- fere. The hill lands are the safest for heavy plantings, especially where the walnut is to be a major crop. Where filberts are to be the major crop and walnuts a minor crop the river bottom soils are best. The hills generally are more free from frost, but are more difficult of cultivation, mois- BETTER FRUIT ture is more difficult to hold and often the soils are less fertile. While the walnut is not native to our Northwest country it, nevertheless, finds conditions here congenial. Nowhere in the world is a walnut produced which excels our properly grown and properly cured Kranquettes. Too few of our growers un- derstand how to harvest and dry the nut. As it falls off the tree the Oregon walnut has no superior, but poor handling often reduces it to a cull product by the time it reaches the market. By running the tem- perature a little too high or a little too low in drying the quality of the nut can be seri- ously injured, and by not properly washing Juhi, 1921 IRl'.AT Mil R soil. WITTI Toro Brand Agricultural Sulphur It will increase your crop in some instances up to 500 per cent, prevent wire worms, smutty grain and potato scab. For Lime - Sulphur Solution use DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. For dry dusting use ANCHOR BRAND VELVET FLOWERS OF SULPHUR. Sold by leading dealers. For rodent control use CARBON BISULPHIDE. Write for circulars 6, 7 and 8, prices and samples. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. 624 California Street San Francisco, California BEES The Diamond Match Company APIARY DEPARTMENT Manufacturers of Bee Keepers' Supplies Chico, California, U. S. A. (The largest bee hive factory in the world) Write for catalog and discount sheet; and, if a beginner, for Cottage Bee-Keeping. The Hood Shock Preventer (o^^-~~^ ^^^ ^— -Vo "-i^fl^^^ for all cars Saves springs, brakes, gasoline, tires, time, irons out the road, Snubs the bumps. Eliminates side-sway. No rattle. Be your own judge as to the merit of THE HOOD Satisfaction Guaranteed Ford Sets, $15. Others up to $32.50 29 Park St., N. Portland, Ore. "WENATCHEE' FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PICKING BAG (Carpenter's Patent) Made of heavy canvas, reinforced with leather, stitched with waxed harness thread, to a steel frame. Halter webb carries the load from the shoulders as suspenders. These patented features make it so popular, serviceable, practical and labor-saving. Send for Sample, $2.50 Postpaid. Special Prices to Quantity Buyers C. A. CARPENTER 3837 35th Ave. S. W. SEATTLE, WASH. Also write the Manufacturers and Distributors SCHEFFER & ROSSUM CO. ST. PAUL. MINNESOTA "GftRD WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, •'Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTEIRIA, arrest the decomposition. United States Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO.. 112 Market Street, San Francisco, California WHKN WRITING ADVEBTlSBftg MENTION BETTEE FBDIT Juhi, 1U'>1 BETTER FRUIT Fage 19 or by keeping in sacks too long after picking and before drying, the shell may become so discolored as to put the nut into the cull grade. One great advantage to our growers who live in centers where the Oregon Growers' Association has drying plants is that they may have their nuts washed and dried by experts equipped with suitable machinery. The commercial success of a crop depends largely upon its yield. The walnut yields well in this favored horticultural paradise. There is a big black walnut tree near Hills- boro which has been worked over to Eng- lish walnuts and which bore 408 pounds of nuts one year. An orchard in the Sheridan highlands produced 25 pounds per tree of dried nuts the ninth year, which gives the lie to the statement that in planting walnuts one is planting for his children rather than for himself. Another orchard at Wheatland on sandy river bottom land bore 5 00 pounds per acre the tenth year. These two plant- ings are grafted orchards and have been well cared for. There is a twenty-one-year- old planting of seedlings at Jefferson which averaged 1000 pounds per acre in 1919 and this from an orchard which was given al- most no care at all for many years. The average production per acre in California for the state at large is 800 pounds, al- though there are plantings which have yielded as high as 400 pounds per acre. Walnut trees should be planted fifty to sixty feet apart in order that they may not become too crowded in later years. As it takes a good many years for the trees to grow to a size which will utilize this amount of space it is considered good prac- tice to plant between the walnut trees a variety of fruit which comes into bearing young and which does not grow to a large size. The prune and the filbert are best adapted for this purpose. While the walnut is a little slow to come into bearing it still makes a very nice crop to grow. With the filbert it appeals espe- cially to the city man who wishes to retire to country life, in that these two crops can be produced with less attention to such de- tails as thinning and spraying and are much easier to harvest than the more perishable fruits. TY7"HILE the walnut offers many advant- » » ages the filbert offers still more and is, in our mind, the most attractive orchard crop in the Northwest, bar none. Among its advantages is the fact that it blossoms in winter and the pollenization is in little danger of injury from winter rain or frost. The tree is adaptable to a large variety of soils and locations. Its crop is easily and cheaply harvested, no expensive driers or harvesting equipment or large crews of pickers being needed. There is no spraying to amount to anything and no thinning and there are few insects and dis- .Vrescuate of LciJ No Spreader. Reary for use. Simply stir into the spray solution "SPREADO" produces a uniform coating, completely protecting the fruit. "SPREADO" increases the adhesiveness of the spray, especially desirable in rainy sections. "SPRE.ADO" increases the wetting and covering power of the spray, more than paying for itself in the saving of spray material. "SPREADO" does iH)t in any way Injure the foliage or the fruit. "SPRE.ADO" is highly recommended as a spreader by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. DIRECTIONS When the spray tank is nearly filled, start the agi- tator and sift in slowly the required amount of "SPREADO." Keep the agitator in motion. "SPRE.ADO" is especially recommended for use with arsenate of lead for the cover sprays in the propor- tion of 5 to 6 lbs. of powdered arsenate of le.id with 2 lbs. of "SPREADO" to the 200 gallon tank. Arsen.Ue of Lead With "Spreado." NOW ^f'S" SPREADO" Manufactured by MILLER PRODUCTS COMPANY I'OKTI.AM) (IKKGON (;U\NT.'< I'A.^S, OREGO.N ■Sold by Oregon Growers' Co-operatice Association Eugene Fruit Growers' Association SAl.KM. SHKRIDAN. K(ISKi!rRr, AM) MKni-'IIKD. OREGON i:r(;l',N'K, (-KKSWRTJ.. AXP 1 T NTTIO \ l■IT^•, OR 1:G( l\ WHEN wtmNO ADnnTiBEBa uention (ettzi nuiT Page 20 eases to combat. The nut is not easily per- ishable and bears at an early age, producing large crops of high-priced products. Over- production is improbable, the American public consuming now 20,000,000 annually of foreign grown nuts. In fact, this is an ideal "lazy man's" crop, easily grown and returning good dividends. The filbert will never be grown in any other part of the United States because of limitations of climate and of disease. The one thing that prevents rapid increase in planting in this section is the limited sup- ply of nursery stock. The filbert cannot be propagated rapidly like other trees and it will be years to come before enough trees will be available to fill the demands for stock. Under ideal conditions the filbert will begin to produce commercially the fifth Box Shocks East Side Box Co. Manufacturers SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK Box Shooks Foot of Spokane Avenue Portland, Oregon BETTER FRUIT year and will increase rapidly in yield there- after. The Moission orchard near Salem pro- duced a ton per acre the tenth year and it was not in the best condition possible. The Kruse orchard at Wilsonville, one of the finest in the state, produced thirty pounds per tree the tenth or eleventh year. This is at the rate of 3000 pounds per acre. The owner received thirty cents per pound that year which netted him a very fine revenue. However, we cannot expect that price now that prices are returning to normal, although we can expect eighteen to twenty-five cents to the grower. There is a thirty-two-year-old tree in East Portland which produced 150 pounds one year. This is at the rate of over seven tons per acre. George Dorris, the veteran filbert grower of Springfield, states that an acre of number one Barcelona trees, given everything favorable, should produce 500 to 1000 pounds the fifth year; 2000 to 3000 pounds the eighth year; 3000 to 4000 the tenth year and 4000 to 5000 pounds the twelfth year. Dorris is per- haps the best posted man on filbert yields in America, but if we discount his esti- mates by fifty per cent we still have a most attractive commercial proposition. Nut growing is one of the most attrac- tive fields open in this section of the coun- try. It is especially attractive to the man coming from other avenues of life than that of farming. The man who leaves be- hind him a well grown grove of walnuts and filberts will leave his children a legacy that will insure them a steady income. It will be but a few years until the nut in- dustry will rank in importance with the berry, prune and apple industries of the Northwest. ^e Gasolive of Qjiality "Red Crown" is the gasoline of quality — the power-full motor fuel. Its continuous chain cl boil- ing points also insures ready ^' art- ing and rapid acceleration. It is the well-balanced motor fuel. Get it wherever you see the Red Crown sign on service sta- tions and garages. July, 1921 Transportation Problems {Continued from fagc 7) cannot be overestimated, and it is our pur- pose to develop it to the highest state of efficiency, still our domestic trade is and for many years to come will probably re- main our main source of demand. Situated within 300 miles of the coast of the Pacific Coast we have a population of 6,000,000; within 300 miles of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic ocean, includ- ing the coastal zone of Eastern Canada, we have a population of 58,000,000. As a fur- ther illustration, within 25 miles of the Statute of Liberty in New York harbor there resides a population of 8,000,000, which is greater than the combined popula- tion of the seven states of California, Ore- gon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Utah and Colorado. Tributary to the Port of New Orleans they claim a total of 13,869 miles of nav- igable rivers. This inland waterway, in connection with the New York barge canal, creates what we term the Inland Waterway Zone, having a population of 25,000,000. IT HAS been said that the secret of suc- cess is to grasp an opportunity when it presents itself. This is our opportunity, to distribute the deciduous fruits of the Pacific Northwest and the citrus fruits of Cali- fornia to the 5 8,000,000 people resident within the Gulf and Atlantic coastal zones. These figures illustrate most forcibly the concrete fact that the United States is destined to become a maritime nation. The demand for efficiency and elimination of waste, the necessity of applying more close- ly the fundamental principles of economics, and the positive demand for lower rates of transportation if our industries are to sur- vive, constitute the primary causes of the present national movement for water trans- portation. An analysis of the consumption of west- ern fruit in our domestic markets shows that the large population of the southeast section of the United States does not pur- chase its portion. It is our firm belief that water transportation will alter this condition and result in a tremendous increase of con- sumption in that territory. It is gratifying to note that the United States Department of Agriculture is to equip a vessel for the express purpose of making a comprehensive study of the trans- portation of western fruits via the Panama Canal to the Gulf and Atlantic ports. It shows that our government is awake to the necessity of intelligent and constructive ef- fort and the result of this study will mean much distribution to the world's markets. YAKIMA County Beekeepers' Association, numbering more than 400 apiarists, has elected J. P. Espey of White Swan, president; R. C. Im- mell of Toppenish, vice-president, and C. W. Hig- gins of Wapato, secretary-treasurer. H. N. Paul of Mabton will be purchasing agent. July, 1921 Fifteen Years (^CrjKttnued from page 5) either way for failure or success, of the endless fight to place his fruit in a market flooded from other dis- tricts. Let the growers in on the problems every selling organization has to face 5 educate them to a pro- per realization of the difficulties of sales, deliveries and collections, and there will be less criticism, less dissention and a more wholehearted co-operation, which will make for success. Co-operation in some form or other is the bulls-eye at which so many shots are being fired, with so comparatively few hits registered, but, with the vast experience of the past, the fruit growers of the Pa- cific Northwest are unwise indeed if they do not train their sights for a clean hit. BETTER FRUIT Page 21 "In Every Respect" says the Good Judge You get more genuine chew- ing satisfaction from the Real Tobacco Chew than you ever got from the ordinary kind. The good tobacco taste la^ts so long — a small chew of this class of tobacco lasts much longer than a big chew of the old kind. That's why it costs less to use. Any man who has used both kinds will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B CUT is a long fine-cut tobacco RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco Weyman-Bruton Company, 1107 Broadway, New York City Before You Buy a Grader See The NEWELL! A Perfected Weighing Machine, Accurate and Efficient The operation is simply this; Fruit is raised automatically from hopper to sorters, by conveyor belt, fixed with rol- lers to prevent bruising. Passed by the sorters, it is de- posited by belt conveyor, one at a time, upon aluminum scales, which are attached to single sprocket chain, carrying fruit along the side of the shunt-board, which gradually pushes them farther out on scales, until their weight tips scales, depositing them in packer's bins. All fruit of same weight will tip scales at same bin; it n^ust functioni If fruit is running large, shunt board may be set in; if small, set it out. This is the only necessary adjustment. A Few Outstanding Features of the NEWELL Low Hopper — no step up when filling. Automatic feed from hopper to sorting table; controlled by head sorter without leaving his place. One piece scale with no deh- cate adjustment to get out of order or wear out. Scales on SINGLE chain, not double. Made in Two, Three and Four Section Models TIMOTHY NEWELL, Manufacturer Parkdale, Hood River Valley, Oregon Page 22 BETTER FRUIT July, 1921 We Want You to Have One of These FINE CAMERAS The Season for Picture Taking Is Here, So Let Us Know That You Want One D/^VC HERE IS YOUR /^ 1 D I C 0\J \ O™ OPPORTUNITY — VJlIX 1-1 How fine it would be to have a camera all your own. You can keep a picture record of your camping trip, and go over it all again next winter around the fire. You can make beautiful pictures and frame them for Christmas gifts for your friends, or to hang in your room. Any boy, girl, man or woman can easily earn one of these hand- some, standard Ansco 2'/4 by 3'/4 Cameras in a few days. All you need do is to tell your friends what a good magazine BETTER FRUIT is, and get them to give you their sub- scriptions. When you get twelve subscrip- tions at $1.00 each ($12.00 in all) send them to us and we send you the camera abso- lutely free and post paid. Make Up Your Mind Right Now to earn one of these machines. You will be surprised how easily and quickly you can get the necessary twelve subscriptions, so mail the coupon today and get started. Dad's renewal will count as one. GO GET HIM. When you go to your friends, tell them what you are going to get, and they will surely give you their subscriptions. Renewal subscriptions at $1.00 each will count the same as new subscriptions. A few hours' work at odd times and this fine Camera is yours. Mail This Coupon Today or your friends may get a start on you. Further, we absolutely guarantee you a generous reward for your efforts, whether you secure two subscriptions or twenty; send the coupon NOW. You may forget it to- morrow. BETTER FRUIT 12th and Jefferson Sts. Portland, Ore. BETTEK FRUIT 1 2th and Jefferson Sta. Portland, Oregon. Gentlemen: I am going to earn one of the Cameras. Please send me receipt blanks and complete information. Name 1 Address R. F. D WHEN WUTINO AOVEBTISERS MENTION BETTER FBUIT July, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 SOONER OR LATER Some kind friend will tell you about Bailey's Fine Kodak Prints and Enlcirgements Why not let us serve you now? Send in a couple of film negatives for two FREE SAMPLE PRINTS A. A. Bailey, Jr. LIPMAX-WOLFE BUILDING PORTLAND, OREGON Northwest Fruit Notes From Here and There Save and Prosper With constant systematic saving your account should grow to be the foundation of a fortune. You will have capital to in- vest advantageously v^rhen opportunity offers. You w^ill be on the road to success. A Savings Account may be opened with an initial de- posit of one dollar. The First National Bank OF PORTLAND. OREGON The first national bank west of the Rocky Mountains FREE! An 8x10 enlargement with $3.00 w^orth of Ko- dak finishing Quick Service! Films received forenoon, mailed out same day. We pay return postage and give S. & H. Green Trading Stamps with all Kodak Finishing Or- ders. Try us I Kodaks Films Accessories Albums Woodard-Clarke & Co. Alder at West Park Portland. Ore. OREGON A T the annual convention of the Oregon State "^ Bankers' Association at Seaside last month, Vice President Cox, of the National Bank of Com- merce, New York City, made an interesting ad- dress. Mr. Cox said that fruit growers must In- crease the quality and decrease production costs, If they were to show a profit over a period of years. He called attention to the fact that the raisin growers of California had suddenly awakened to the fact that their product was too generally con- sidered as a luxury, and they immediately took steps to correct the situation. The first aim of all growers should be to produce their crops cheap enough to assure their coming in the staple list. AAA ID L. M.'^NSER, secretary and manager of the • Hood River Fair Association, reports that plans are being laid for the biggest fair in the history of the apple valley next September. More than usual Interest is being shown throughout the valley. AAA "W/'ESTERN OREGON walnut growers have every expectation of a record breaking crop this year, according to Earle Pearcy, president of the Oregon State Horticultural Society, and an authority on nut culture. Mr. Pearcy says that the Manchurian walnut shipped to this country from Japan, without flavor and often wormy, hurts the local demand, for many people do not know the difference between our Pregon grown English wal- nuts of fine flavor and thin shell, and the poor, thick-shelled Manchurians. One who gets the Man- churlans a few times, is going to buy some other nut, and will be lost as a walnut consumer. AAA A NEW grading and apple packing plant will be erected at Sutherlin, Oregon, at once, to care for some of the big crop expected In the valley. The 'new plant will be 50x100, two stories and modern in every respect. AAA T'HE Marion county loganberry crop this year is estimated at 10,000,000 pounds, an increase of approximately 30 per cent over last year. Can- neries will handle most of the crop. AAA TTOOD RIVER'S 1921 strawberry harvest is a thing of the past. Ninety-three cars were shipped in all Instead of the estimated one hun- dred and ten. The fruit was of high quality, and an average price of approximately $2.50 per crate was realized. Cherries are not yielding as heavily as was at first expected, only three cars having thus far been shipped, one of straight Royal Annes, one of Bings and Royal Annes and one of Black Republicans and Bings. There will be perhaps two cars more, mostly Lamberts. AAA WASHINGTON An interesting map of the Wikersham quad- rangle has just been published by the geologi- cal survey. The scale is one inch to the mile. This map may be purchased from the Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C, for ten cents. AAA ' I ^HE cranberry district of Pacific county is threatened with serious loss through the black headed fire worm and the end rot, according to Charles L. Robinson, supervisor of the state de- partment of agriculture. After an inspection trip recently made by Mr. Robinson, Professor O. M. Morris of Pullman, Senator E. L. French and in- spector Theo. Albert, a special appropriation was made by the Pacific county commissioners for in- tensive control work this summer. The depart- ment has been fortunate in arranging for P. S. Darlington, inspector of district No. 4 at We- natchee, to assist the growers of Pacific county this summer. WHKN W«rnNO ADTKRTUEU MENTION BBlTKft FBCIT A CCORDING to P. R. Parks, manager of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Association, it will cost the growers $ 1.50 per 1 00 pounds to ship apples to Chicago under the 10 per cent freight rate cut. Mr. Parks further stated that shippers were continuing their plans for water transporta- tion, and would do so until the rate came down to at most $1.25. The fruit growers, he said, will not be in a really favorable position until the old rate of $1.00 per hundred pounds comes back. AAA T^HE nineteenth annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Association of Nurserymen will be held at Seattle, July 12, 13 and 14. C. A. Tonneson, secretary, can be reached at the Butler Hotel, Se- attle, the headquarters of the association while in session. Authentic reports of the nursery stock sit- uation for next spring point to a decided shortage in many lines. This means that the early bird will have the best selection. 'I^HE summer session of the Washington State Horticultural Association will be held in Yak- ima July 26-27, according to M. L. Dean, secre- tary of the association. W. L. Close and the Yak- ima Valley Traffic and Credit Association are co- operating in arranging for the meeting. The po- tato growers of the state will hold a two-day meet following the fruitmen's meeting, to discuss cultural methods and to establish standard grades. AAA 'T'HE Yakima valley now expects approximately 900 cars of peaches this year, as against 120 cars last year. This estimate is a cut from the earlier one of 1500 cars, but is a material increase over a year ago. In 1919, 2,060 cars were shipped. AAA TDANKS of Spokane, New York and Wenatchee have underwritten a loan of from $500,000 to $600,000 for the Wenatchee District Co-opera- tive Association. The issue Is of 8 per cent serial crop-moving notes and is a new plan in the North- west for financing co-operative organizations. This loan will enable the Wenatchee District Co-opera- tive Association, which was recently organized, to finance Its members who will require assistance, in boxes, paper, warehousing and cash advances. The association has 457 members, which makes the loan average more than $1200 per member. AAA CKAGIT county, Washington, harvested an exceptionally large strawberry crop. A large share of these berries were placed upon the fresh market at a price which averaged the grower around $1.50 per crate. The Burlington Canning Company in Burlington, Wash., has been taking care of Its strawberry contracts, paying during the early part of the season six cents per pound and later dropping to five cents per pound. The Everett Fruit Products Company, which has con- siderable strawberry acreage under contract in Skagit county, has with the co-operation of the growers been placing strawberries in barrels with the idea of putting these on the market at acme later date. AAA T S. McINTOSH, deputy agricultural commls- •'• sloncr of the state of Washington, has com- piled figures showing that Washington last year grew 728,759 bushels of pears, more than double the amount grown during 1909. At the same time It produced 1,534,859 bushels of peaches. Ten years earlier 84,500 bushels was the amount of this state's peach crop — showing an Increase to over 18 times the crop of 1909. AAA Xf^RUIT growers and shippers of Yakima will save $56,000 this year on paper alone at two cents less a pound than the price paid last year. It is estimated that fruit wrap will cost the valley growers $375,000 this season, on a basis of 70 cars needed for the season's crop, besides 30 cars esti- mated held over from last year. Page H BETTER FRUIT Juhj, 1021 'T'HE Wt-natchcc District Co-operative Associa- tion has taken over the five warehouses of the Wcnatchce Northern Warehouse and Marketing Company at Wcnatchee, Cashmere, Monitor, Olds and Rock Island, the price being in the neighbor- hood of $150,000. IDAHO T EWISTON ORCHARDS, outside of the city -■-'of Lewiston, was settled about 1907, and is a communistic organization covering 4300 acres di- vided into individual orchards. The residents en- joy electric lights, city water, church, school, com- munity packing house, several miles of paved streets and as many more of macadam. The grow- ing season is long, the soil very productive, the scenery unsurpassed. Land sells for from $250.00 per acre up, according to improvements. Elevation approximately 1400 feet. Apples are the principal crop, though other fruits and vegetables grow to perfection as well. All T AST year the state loaded 3100 cars of apples and has every expectation of shipping about the same number this year. The prune crop will probably be the largest ever raised, conservative estimates placing the amount at 1550 cars, as against 1267 cars shipped in 1920: Below is given estimate of condition of various fruits averaged from reports from ten important counties. Apples - 83.8 Prunes 84.2 Pears 67.8 Peaches 48.5 Cherries - 60.4 111 'T'HE summer session of the State Horticultural Society held on June 1 1 at Fruitland, was re- ported the most interesting of these meetings ever held. There were demonstrations of spr.iys and spraying, and top-working of trees, also many ol the problems confronting the growers were dis- cussed by experts from all over the state. Kills prairie dogs, eronnd hops, giuunj squirreis, pucKet goph- ers. Saves alfalfa. Experiment- al stations approve. lOOO tablets P. F. $1.50. Warranted, ^ok your druggist or send di^-. .'C. Booklet Free. Addre.'is rtlCAL CO., Ft. Dodge, loma ONE-ELEVEN Cigarettes To tell you of the care in blending to- baccos for ONE-ELEVEN Cigarettes would behighr ly interesting But- just buy a package and find out. I <« 111" ^Oci^arettesljf Cu«rant««d by What They Are Doing in California "Dunning true to the progressive form of the state. Imperial valley melon growers and ship- pers arc co-operating with the Bureau of Markets, United States Department of Agriculture, in the matter of broadening their distribution. The de- partment opens a temporary office at Brawley, Calif., at the beginning of the season, and by means of a large chart is able to know the daily distribution of each day's shipments and divertions. It is in telegraphic communication with 20 to 25 of the country's big markets and Is able to visualize upon the chart the exact state of each for the benefit of all shippers, who have free access at all times to the chart. There is no discrimination i all have an equal knowledge of market condi- tions. Ill ClXTEEN years ago California supplied only about one-fourth of the lemons used in the United States, the balance being imported from Sicily. Today three-fourths of this country's de- mand is grown in the state. There are today 22,651 acres of bearing lemon trees and 16,799 acres non-bearing. This nieans that some day we will be producing approximately 75 per cent more lemons than we do today. ai the Sign DftheFir Do You Like Your Letterte? Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple. Pear. Cherry-. Peach. Plum. I'nine. Apricot. Quince, Grape Vines, Shrubbery. Plants. Raspberries. Black- berries. Logans. Dewberries, Asparagus. Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs. Roses. Vines. Hedge. Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. ToppenlBli, Washing-ton. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. We have just one recipe for making a good letter- head. It is: Mix (1) sales experience, (2) a knowl- edge of design, and (3) common business sense. This combination results in good stationery at the lowest possible cost. It is rare, indeed, that you find all these " in- gredients" combined in one organization. But you do in Arcady. Telephone Main 8829 The Arcady Company Cornpiete Adiiertising WRITING PRINTI NC MAILING AOCAoy OLoa MULTIGf5APHINa MAILING LISTS na&jeFFErisoN Many homes and farms are being modernized by- handy water facilities, and their water supply instead of being a heavy burden as it always has been in the li^ past. IS now their best servant. MYERS t ELECTRIC HOUSE PUMPS, DIRECT WATER SYSTEMS. HYDRO PNEUMATIC PUMPS and CYLINDERS are playing an important part in this change by making It possible for any home anywhere to n.ive running v.ater at the turn of a faucet for household use — bath, liitchen. laiindry. toilet; for stock watering, sprinkling tighlmg fire and innumerable other pur- ooses- MYERS PUMPS for Private Water Systems lire simple, easy to install and operate, fully proven and dependable. They are designed and built in many styles and Si2es, and thus will meet your requirements as to capacity, depth of your well or cistern and method of operation II you are still carrying water Irom some outside source, you are interested in M Y E R S ■ Honor-Bilf PUMPS for a Myers Water System will save you more real hard work every day in the year than perhaps any other device in your home or on the farm. Write immediately toi copy ol our late Catalog, No, HP20— Sent to anyone without the least obligation Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokane, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER WHEN WBITIKG ADVERTISEBS MENTION BETTER FEUn Juhj, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Fage 25 i^OVERNOR WILLIAM D. STEPHENS rc- ^^ cently telegraphed President Harding that thousands of acres of food in California, espe- cially potatoes, will not be harvested unless some relief is forthcoming in the matter of freight re- ductions. Governor Stephens stated in his telegr.im that the state's vegetable industry is "slowly but furely being strangled to de:ith by what seems to the producers to be prohibitive rates." Cannery Notes W/" E. ST. JOHN in charge nf the big plant of " • the Oregon Growers' Co-operative .A.ssocin- tion at Sutherlin, Oregon, announces that canning machinery is being installed in the main building, and everything made ready to handle the big loganberry crop in the valley and vicinity. AAA /California, the greatest of all our states in the matter of the canning of fruits, canned In 1920, fruit of approximately $1 10,000,000 in value, while the little island of Hawaii put up a pack of pineapples alone to the value of $31,- 000,000. AAA TT F. DAVIDSON, president of the recently formed Oregon Canning Company, operating five canneries, in speaking of the cannery situation says: "Marketing conditions this year do not war- rant a capacity pack. For this reason we will be unable to take all the fruit offered, but will handle all we can with safety, and will pay the growers as much as we can afford under the existing con- ditions." AAA T^HE Hood River cannery has been running strawberries and will handle cherries, pears and peaches as they come along. AAA ''pHE Idaho Canneries, Inc., at Payette, canned 16,700 cases of fruits and vegetables in 1920. The management reports a production plan for 77,000 cases this year, warranted they say, by the ready demand for their pack last season. AAA A S a result of an agreement between creditors "^^ of the A. Rupert Company and the recently organized Oregon Canning Company, at least two of the big Rupert Company plants in the Wil- lamette valley will be operated this season. There is a possibility of more than two of the plants being operated. This means that a much larger proportion of Oregon's fruit crop will find a mar- ket this year. The amount handled by the plants will depend largely upon the growers. The two plants which will definitely begin operations arc located at New berg and Leban/m. They have a combined packing capacity of about 400,000 cases of fruit and vegetables and are the largest of the Rupert canneries. Negotiations are also under way for the operating of the McMinnville and Rose- burg plants and tor suble.ising the plant at Spring- brook. The Oregon Canning Company controls all five of the plants. In addition the company has acquired the Rupert brands and has taken over the Rupert office, plant staffs and Its nation-wide distributing organization. H. F. Davidson of Hood River Is president of the company. Oregon Grov^ers' Association Notes At a meeting i.f the Oregon Growers' Co-opera- tive Associ.ilinn members last month, a price of one cent a pound for cherry picking this season was unanimously agreed upon. This price was voted for loganberry picking also, but no definite deci- sion was arrived at as to offering a bonus to pickers who stayed through the entire season. Last year many school children were able to make as high as $6.00 a day, with a picking price up to 4 cents a pound, more than the berries are bring- ing this year. Your Plant is Rich In This Free Power — Are You Using It? Gravity — this universal free power is ever present in every nook and corner of your plant. It is there, waiting to be harnessed and trans- formed into a force that will put your indoor handling on an efficient and economical handling basis. Write for Hook, "Kntrancc to Hettc Your product can be neatly and sw^iftly conveyed from truck to ware- house, from floor to floor, with a laving in labor cost and time. Without obligation, a Standard en- gineer will show you the best way to utilize this FREE FORCE with Stan- dard Conveyors. Knowledge on Handling Methods." Standard Conveyor Company NORTH ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA Representatives in all principal cities £fAti.iATi^^A^.WA,^A^A^A^■A■^J.\'-i^7-X^A'^?i.\'l'^lTi.'^l.^^l-^AtA^fA^A-^^^^ f^ E. RAMP, manager for the Oreg-on growers at Dallas, reports that many prune orchards in the district south of Independence, will produce heavy crops of large-sized fruit. Earlier reports from most of the prune districts were to the effect that there was a universally short crop in all dis- tricts, so that Mr. Ramp's findings are encour- aging. NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. Catalog mailed on request. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FROIT Page 26 With the Poultry CHANGING CROINI) RAISING chickens on the same ground year after year Is frequently the cause of disease in chicks. The colony houses for chicks should be moved to fresh ground each second year. The soil of the old run should be broken up and corn, oats, alfalfa or garden truck grown on it. The plowing of land and growth of a new crop is beneficial from the standpoint of sanitation. Many brooder chicks that are started and kept confined in a very small run contaminate the ground in a very short time and by the time they arc eight weeks old, the young chicks fail to make a satisfactory growth in response to the feed they consume. The trouble lies in the fact that every time they pick up a grain of feed they take Into their system the infection of the soil. It is desir- able, therefore, to get them on fresh ground at frequent intervals and feed them on fresh ground. AAA HOW TO TREAT GAPES TOURING the early summer much trouble is ex- "^ perienced by poultrymen with gapes in chick- ens, caused by worms in the windpipe. The larva of this parasite is picked up by the chickens in the damp earth and the parasites detach themselves in tlie windpipes of the chickens, where they first cause Irritation and upon growing obstruct the passage of air. Where chickens are affected they should be placed in a pen or room which his been sprinkled freely with slaked lime. A few drops of turpen- tine added to the rations may be beneficial in con- trolling the disease. In an effort to dislodge the worms, feathers may be dipped in turpentine and passed down the chicken's windpipe. Worms are sometimes removed with a twisted horse hair or a specially prepared instrument that may be ob- tained at any poultry supply house. However, pre- vention is the best means of control. Lime the soil where gapes — infected chickens — have run. Con- fine the chickens so that they cannot run under out-buildings and In shady or in damp places. Where a chicken is badly infected with gapes, it is best to kill it and burn. Confine unaffected chickens In a yard freely sprinkled with a liberal amount of freshly slaked lime. AAA PREPARING POULTRY FOR MARKET T^XPERTS in poultry raising advise that In selecting chickens for market they should not be fed from 15 to 18 hours before killing. In killing either stick the chicken in the roof of the mouth or dislocate its neck by bending the head back as far as it will go and then at the same time pulling the neck. It is preferable to dry pluck the chicken as soon as it Is killed, but by care in scald- ing it can be made to preserve a good appearance. To do this hold the chicken by the head and feet and immerse the body sufficiently long to soak the feathers In water that Is not quite boiling. The feathers then can be removed by inexeprlenced help without trouble. By leaving the feathers on the upper half of the neck, few can tell thit the chicken has been scalded. If the head and feet are placed in hot water, the head turns pale and shrinks, while the shanks scale off. In hot weather immediately after plucking the chickens should be placed in tubs of ice or cold water where they should remain for several hours to be chilled before being packed for shipment. BETTER FRUIT Ry using the chilling system and packing care- fully poultry can be transported long distances in warm weather and arrive in good condition. AAA /~\NE of the best antiseptic sprays for use In the ^■^ hen house is Carbolineum. It is a sure pre- ventive of mites and red spider when applied prop- erly, and is a general cleanser. AAA "r\0 NOT expect your hens to produce many eggs "^"^ if you simply turn them loose in the orchard and give them no other food than that which they can pick up. The best time for the grain ration is in the morning, and it can be scattered in the litter at night In the hen house, so that by the time they are let out in the morning they will have worked for and found practically all the grain. With one good grain feed a day to augment what they can rustle, they will pay for their care. AAA "TJISINFECTANTS help keep up the health of •^"^ chicks. It prevents the spread of diseases, de- stroys mitcs and lice and kills germs of contagion and infection. The coops and houses should be cleaned and sprayed thoroughly at least once a week. Prevent the disease before it makes its appearance. AAA T^HE low price of eggs this summer means that more of them are being eaten fresh and fewer are going Into cold storage, which will mean that the man who keeps his hens for fall and winter laying will in all probability enjoy high prices for all the eggs he m.^y have to sell. AAA TN TRAP nesting one nest for each three hens is about right. AAA COFT shelled eggs are caused by the hen being too fat, or from a lack of lime In the ration. Laying hens should have access at all times to a plentiful supply of lime, grit and charcoal. AAA "IVTOST people strive for the earliest possible hatch of chicks. This is all right if you expect to market them for food, but for the best egg production later hatched chicks are the best, for pullets hatched before March H are pretty ' apt to molt the next fall, whereas when they hatch after that date they rarely molt until the fall of the next year. AAA TT is a common belief that the dark-colored eggs are the richer in flavor. This is not true, however, for it is the food the hens get that flavors the eggs. July, 19-21 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Musical WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET Merchandise W. Martius Music House, Inc. MUSIC Write 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington Write U» Everything Known in Music Us Bits About Fruitmen and Fruit Growing According to Ralph Budd, president of the Great Northern railway system, the fact that the Pacific Northwest will have a bumper apple crop this year, has pronipted his road to place or- ders with the American Car & Foundry Company for 500 refrigerator cars, to be delivered by Octo- ber 15. Mr. Budd stated further that the Gre.qt Northern had on its lines 87 per cent of its cars at this time, as against 35 per cent a year ago. This Is an encouraging sign, and shows the inter- est our fruit awakens in the big carriers. AAA D WIGHT L. WOODRUFF, eastern sales and export manager for the Hood River Apple Growers' Association in New York, has been em- ployed as general manager of the Wenatchee Dis- trict Co-operative Association and will take charge An Early Order For Fall or Spring Delivery Placed with SALEM NURSERY COMPANY 428 Oregon Building SALEM. OREGON Will receive careful atten- tion and give you good choice of varieties Additional Salesmen Wanted Capital City Nursery Company 426 Oregon Building SALEM OREGON Will supply you with first class stock in FRUIT, NUT AND OR- NAMENTAL TREES, SMALL FRUITS, ROSES Send for catalog WE Need Salesmen Plant a Patch I of these Everbearing Strawberries for your own use They have a wonderful flavor, and will keep coming long after all other berries are gone. Four dozen tested Everbearing plants mailed prepaid for $ 1 .00 Write for information and list of varieties to Evergreen Plantation New Meadows, Idaho WHEN WHITINQ ADTEBTISEBS MENTION BETTER FRUTT July, 1921 June 1. Mr. Woodruff was connected with the old W'enatchee Valley Fruit Growers' Associa- tion 13 years ago, and went from there to Salem, where he was at the head of a fruit growers' asso- ciation. He then took his position with the Hood River association, and has been in New York five years. Announcement is made by the association that a loan of $1,000,000 has been made through Spokane and New York banking interests, to be used by members of the association in growing and harvesting their crops. Contracts for 3.000,- 000 apple boxes have virtually been closed, mostly with local mills. The entire crop of association members, estimated at 4.in0 cirs. will be marketed BETTER FRUIT through the North American Fruit Exchange of New York. AAA T^HE United States Department of Agriculture Is forever on guard to protect our agricultural and horticultural interests. One of the latest pro- tective measures it has instituted is Quarantine No. 37, relative to the importation of nursery stock, which reads: "Where any packing material is needed for the safety of nursery stock * * * such materials as sphagnum, cocoanut fibre, straw, chaff, excelsior, shavings, saw-dust, charcoal and ground peat may be used. Such packing material must not h.ive been previously used as packing or otherwise Page 27 in connection with living plants and must be free from sand, soil or earth, and must be so certified by the duly authorized inspector of the country of origin." AAA T^HE United States Department of Agriculture reports a big increase in the number of stands of bees in many eastern states. Why are not our Northwestern states on the list? Here where fruit growing occupies such a prominent place, and where we claim to be leaders in the adoption of modern methods, surely every orchard should have at least one st.ind to assure pollenlzatlon. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgo'w GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Address SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS qA Qvadcjor each type of engine Keep faith your truck engine ZEROLENE c»: Your truck engine is an invest- ment. You expect it to give you full service— maximum perform- ance and long life. Your truck engine will not de- liver full service unless you keep it correctly lubricated. Zerolene is Correct Lubrica- tion. Our Board of Lubrication Engineers has recommended a grade of Zerolene for yovr en- gine and embodied that recom- mendation in the Zerolene Cor- rect Lubrication Chart. Ask for one. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ^iil^ Page 28 BETTER FRUIT Jidy, 1921 Classified Advertisements RATES, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK TREES — All kinds of fruit and ornamental trees, vines, etc. Growers of general nursery stock. Lowest quotations given on application. Send us your want list. Can also use a few good salesmen. Albany Nurseries, Albany. Ore. FARM S FOR SALE WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. WANT to hear from parties having farm for sale. Give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th St., Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane ; extra good soil ; spring brooks ; grows grain, vegetables hay, fruits ; several developed ranches ; few stock ranches ; $10 to $20 acre ; 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Col, E.k, Washington. LOGGED-OFF LAND in Stevens County, Wash- ington, at greatly reduced prices: Why bother with fruit land at high prices when you can get good dairy and stock land at from $5.00 to $20.00 per acre? Write for folder. Phoenix Lumber Co., Dept. B, Spokane, Wash. MISCELLANEOUS ARROW CARBOLINEUM kills chicken mites in poultry houses. Preserves wood against rot and premature decay. Write for circular and prices. Carbolineum Wood Preserving Co., 222 E. Water St.. Portland, Q regon. TOBACCO— KENTUCKY NATURAL LEAF, chewing and smoking; rich, ripe and mellow; two and three years old. aged in wood; 2 lbs., $1; 7 lbs., $3; sample 10 cents. Maddox Bros., Dept. 22, Mayfiel d , Ky. TOBACCO— Kentucky's Natural Leaf Smoking or Chewing; mild or strong; aged in wood; rich and sweet: 5 lbs., $2; second grade, 10 lbs., $2.75. Postpaid. Waldrop Bros., Murray Ky. CORN HARVESTER cuts and piles on harvester or winrows. Man and horse cuts and shocks equal Corn Binder. Sold in every state. Only $28 with fodder tieing attachment. Testimonials and catalog FREE showing picture of Har- vester. Process Harvester Co.. Salina. Kansas. DO YOU EVER USE TENTS? We have them! Good U. S. Army Tents, 9x9 — 12-ounce at $10. They make fine housing for your pickers, also as extra shelter in a pinch. Also have few more of our fine Wagon Covers for hauling fruit in rain, 10x15 at $7.50 each. We have limited quantity tarred tree twine at 10 cents a pound. You can't touch this price an v where else. — Alaska .Tunk Co.. 203 Front St., "Portland, Ore, POULTRY ORDER CHICKS NOW for delivery any time after August 1st. Broilers pay. Pullets make good layers- R. I. Reds, White Leghorns, Barred Rocks. Safe arrival guaranteed. Write for circular. Stuhbe Poultry Ranch & Hatcherv. P. O. Box 67 Palo Alto. Calif. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon AGENTS WANTED— Benedict Nursery Co.. 185 East 87th St., Portland, Oregon. NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Co. MILTON, OREGON For their 1921 Catalog Full Line of Nursery Stock "Genuineness and Quality" THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chemeketa Street SALEM, OREGON Phone Main 6018 for Rubber Stamps, Seals Stencils ROGERS COMPANY 514 Gerlinger Building Portland, Oregon . You Can Tell Uncle Sctirt If Y6i4 Keep Fqrnrv Records! Tweed's Cost Records — will make it possible for you to comply with the law. A few^ minutes a day is all that is re- quired to keep these simplest of records. No knowledge of bookkeeping is necessary. What would you think of a merchant who kept no books? You fruit growers are in a business just as much as any merchant, yet many of you keep no records, and do not know where the leaks occur. TWEEDS COST RECORDS have been worked out carefully by a man w^ho was raised on a farm and knows from experience how little time a farmer has for bookkeeping. Hundreds of farmers are finding the TWEED SYSTEM simple and practical. Write today for full particulars, stating size and kind of farm you operate. FARM SUPPLY CO. 281 Twelfth Street Portland, Oregon OTHER QUALITY PRODUCTS especially prepared for use on the farm. Oronite Roof Paint A high-quality protective coating for prepared roof- ing and metal roofs. Mica Axle Grease Gives a durable, smooth lubricating film under every pulling condition. Keeps the axle cool; no hot-boxes, no gumming. The MICA makes it bet- ter. Eureka Harness Oil Preserves the original strength and life of leatner and keeps it soft and ph- able. Keeps harness "new looking." Standard Hand Separator Oil Correct Lubrication for your Hand Separator, un- der the conditions of high speed and close fitting parts. oNewJliefor Old Shingles That old shingle roof — neglected — is a danger signal! It means the cost. of re- pairs or even a new roof soon, unless you put it in good condition. ORONITE SHINGLE OIL Preserves Shingles Natural oils in the fibre of unprotected shingles soon evaporate from exposure to the hot sun. Cracking and warping of the shingles follow — and the roof begins to leak. Rain and wind pene- trating the shingle fibre hasten disintegration and decay. An application of Oronite Shingle Oil will help put your shingle roof in condition to stand up to the weather and give longer service to you. Oronite Shingle Oil is a high-quality preservative for all shingles— on roof or on side walls. It pen- etrates the shingle fibre with a moisture-resisting preservative. It retards evaporation of natural oils in the wood and counteracts the effect of age and exposure. Oronite Shingle Oil will cover from 80 to 100 square feet of shingles per gallon, according to the age and condition of the shingles. It can be mixed with colors— ask our nearest agent for for- mulas. Use Oronite Shingle Oil on your roofs — now. It may save the cost of repairs or even an entire new roof next season. STANDARD OIL COMPANY ^California) ORONITE means QjJALITY WHEN >VBITING ADVEBTISEBS MENTION BETTEK PBDIT l!^^=^ THE WORLD- ^^aj ^^^ OUR ORCHARD ^M 6c Kelly I NEW YORK I , TI^Ph^BLY THE RT/1I1T Rl(Pi:^ bl5TRIBUTPH uriTRY'3 Fancy OTHER. FR.VITJ MARKET- WORLD BETTEBJRUIT Volume XVI 20c the Single Copy Subscription One Dollar per Year In the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, Two Dollars, Payable in American Exchange H' August, 1921 "^ ^/^ "/o,. FEATURES IN THIS ISSUE; iinMiiiiiiriiiuiiMiiiiiinirtiiitiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiriiiiiilliiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiMii'iiiiiitiiiiiliilillllllliiiliiiltiiiiiitiiiiriiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirii Spraying Methods to Improve Pest Control By Leroy Childs Superintendent Hood River Experiment Station Methods of Prune Drying in Oregon By Ray Powers Commercial Dehydration Laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry U. S. Department of Agriculture The Relative Value of Cover Crops By H. Thornber Suf)erintentient Horticultural Substation, Victor, Montana Budding the Peach, Plum and Cherry By Joseph Oskamp Horticulturist, Missouri Stale Fruit Experiment Station The Central Cooperative Marketing Plan By The Editor 'Q Number 2 BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY PUBLISHERS PORTLAND OREGON Q, Q EFFICIENT DURABLE ECONOMICAL Price $460.00 f.o.b. Portland-The Oldsmar Tractor Especially Designed for Use in Orchards, Berry Fields and Orange Groves Oldsmar Frost Protector Absolute frost protection at a coat that is saved many times over through the pre- vention of damage during a single freeze. Write for literature de- scribing this crop insur- ance. Don't wrait until frost comes, it's fj /^"^^^gj ^^IP '/'i^^^^^^B ^^H' f ^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^Pi' f m^^^^^t^^^^^^^^ ^B 1 S^j^^^^^K .jPp' ! MHTMOJI OF STAGGF.Kl.VG TRAVS 0\F.R AIR INLET OR DRIER ping, without the disadvantages. In some cases the prunes are merely run through cold water on a chain conveyor, or dipped into cold water by wire baskets, the operators of this system claiming that no advantage is to be gained by the use of lye or boiling water. In a few instances the prunes are not dipped into any solution previous to drying, but it can be said that these instances are few. The cost per pound to dry prunes in the Oregon type drier varies considerably as the figures are presented by different plants. The range of costs as given lies between one-half and two and one-half cents per pound. A great deal of variation may be accounted for in the factory methods of handling, the kind of fuel used, and the construction of drier and heating chamber. The average figure taken from actual ob- servations, where satisfactory factory methods are employed, is 1J4 to 1^ cents per dry pound exclusive of invest- ment and depreciation. The fuel used in this vicinity is almost entirely wood since this may be obtained nearby in sufficient quantities and at a price which makes its use less expensive than coal. The price per cord varies with the kind of wood, ranging between 5 and 8 dollars per cord for the year 1920. It is estimated that between one and two cords of wood are required to dry one dry ton of prunes, with the drying time averaging from 20 to 25 hours. The degree of heat employed to dry prunes is another factor of wide variation. Temperature from 150 degrees Farenheit to 195 degrees have been observed. Those using the lower temperature claim the prunes will scorch above 155 degrees, while those using the higher temperature claim no scorching at the higher temperatures. Probably not over 170 degrees as the high- est limit should be used for prune drying, and 160 degrees of heat would be a safer margin in order to prevent scorching or caramelization of the sugars. Observations of humidities proved that in all driers of the Oregon type that were tested, the relative humidity was always below 1 per cent at the intake, and from 11 to 27 per cent at the ventilator. In the Oregon type drier installed at the Oregon Agricultural College, an attempt was made to increase the initial humidity of the in- coming air by cementing off about one- fourth of the floor of the heating chamber by a wall six inches high, and filling this space with water. Although the water evaporated rapidly, the relative humidity was not raised above 10 per cent. From these observations it would appear desir.ible: ( 1 ) To change the design of the driers in order to give more rapid circulation of air by enlarging the size of the ventilators and increasing the pitch of the tunnel from 2-3 inches to the foot. (2) To secure greater circulation and greater heat transmission by (a) increasing the height of the furnace chamber and (b) increasing the radiating surfaces within the furnace chamber. The latter may be done bv supplying more lengths of flue pipe within the chamber in order to remove a greater amount of the heat from the flue gases before passing out at the stack. (3) To aid circulation by increasing the number of holes around the furnace cham- ber. This will necessitate increasing the fire correspondingly in order to heat the greater volume of admitted air to the de- sired temperature. (4) To adrnit air on all four sides of the furnace chamber in order to obtain equal distribution of air within the tunnels. This practice is followed in single unit driers and m.iy be followed in multiple unit driers by constructing the heating chambers with a space between them of about one foot, in order to provide for the necessary {Concluded on fage 21) A„,„„t.iv„ BETTER FRUIT P-se o The Relative Values of Cover Crops By H. Thornber, Superintendent Horticultural Substarion, Victor, Montana rpHE problem of maintaining the fer- The two plots in peas are treated the 1918 and 1919 cut down the yield of the 1 tility of the soil has always been o?. same with the exception that one plot re- Mcintosh Rfd/l'Sl^ 1^ ^^ f, P"/^" /^ ereat importance. It is the history of every ceives eight loads of manure per acre to compared with the 1917 -nd 1920 yields, fa.min/district, that sooner or hter, some- each crop of peas plowed under. The Rome Beauty trees, although twelve thine has to be done to replace what was The chemical analysis of the soil from years old_, have just commenced to bear, removed from the soil by the crops, or the the different plots show that the most after havmg lost practically all their fruit yields would decrease until farming became nitrogen has been added where no clover spurs up to 1918 by fire blight in the unprofitable if not impossible. The Bitter growth wa. removed, the next greatest blossoms. Plot five, which shows the least Root Valley is no exception in this respect. ..mount where only one crop of clover was yield per tree, cannot be considered a test The Montana Experiment Station, realiz- removed, and the least where all growth because it was clean cultivated for e.gh ing that the soils of the valley would need was removed. With the peas the addition years, and as Bulletin 1 U shows the trees something to maintain their fertility, plan- of nitrogen was also greater on the plot were nearly -"-d by rosette which is ned an ofchard cultural test in 1908, when which received the manure. While the generally conceded to be the result of mal- he Sub-station was started. This test w..s chemical analyses are of value, the growth nutrition and was caused by continuous St planned to determine the relative of the trees and the yield of fruit are per- clean cultiv.ation The trees are recovering v'le of clover and peas as cover crops as haps of greater interest from a practical ^:^^^'^'l^'J.^ "^ '^- compared with clean cultivation and inter- standpoint. ^ cropping with a cultivated crop of potatoes. -^he following table shows the average ^^ , , . , , -i After eight years it was very evident that ^^-^^^ ^..j diameters of the trees in the T^ROM observations made on the soil continuous clean cultivation and continuous different plots, and the average annual ^ during the past three years, that of plots Inter-cropping with potatoes were not the -^id per tree for the last four years. one and two is m the best physical condi- proper methods of orchard cultivation, and ^ A,.yi,H tion. The soil on plot five has improved in order to save the trees from premature Average Average per tree rapidly during the three years of plowing death the methods employed on these two Height Diam. for4yrs. under peas and manure whi e the soil on 1 . u ^ J ., J;„„f;or,^rl ;,-, a rprent Plot Variety feet inches pounds ] j jj^^gg j^d four IS inclined to bake plots were changed as mentionea in a recent ,, , . . d.j 197 find 121 '^ , , ,• • 1 • u u ' , . . J .1. 1 Mcintosh Red liJ o.uu lii ,,,Upn wpt and shows distinctly It could be bulletin and also m my paper read at the ^^^^ ^ _ 12.o 5.99 55 l^^ien wet ana snows a stinctiy u last annual meeting of the state horticul- 2 Mcintosh Red 13.6 6.61 102 improved by the addition of more vege- tural society and published in Better Fruit, Rome Beauty ..... 12.1 5 98 50 table matter. Evidently plowing under peas of which this paper is a continuation. ^ Mcintosh Red._.... .2 , 4 ,lone does not add as much vegetable mat- ui viiii^ii ui ' v v _ Rome Beauty U.4- i-J-3 'u , , clover, although the bulk In the beginning a five-acre area was 4 Mcintosh Red....... 10.6 5.25 48 'er as does tne ^'°]^^' « divided into five one-acre plots. Cross-ways Rome Beauty 11.5 5.53 33 appears to be considerable. The plot in o these plots were four rows of each of the 5 Mcintosh Red......_ 11.3 5.59 40 clover where all the growth is removed following varieties: Mcintosh Red, Rome ^^^ Beauty..._..... 11.1 5.45 8 demonstrates that the orchard is not the Beauty, Alexander and Wealthy. By this W7HILE the above table does not show place to grow hay. Hay and apples are no arrangement a certain number of trees of W a great difference in the average %ooi companion crops, and sooner or later each variety were planted in each plot. height and diameter of the trees on the ™-^ apples wi ai . ^ Unfortunately fire blight destroyed all the ..^i-ious plots, one must actually see the The common and almost universal rea- Alexander and most of the Wealthy early trees to appreciate the difference. For son for not growing a cover-crop in the in the experiment, leaving only the Mc- example, an average tree on plot four, orchard is because of the expense How- Intosh and Rome Beauty. which m.ay be only eighteen inches shorter ever, it is pointed out m Bulletin 114 that At the end of eight years when continu- and have a diameter of only one inch less clean cultivation is actu.ally_ more expensive ous clean cultivation and inter-cropping with than an average one on plot two, may have than where a cover crop is used. hi e a cultivated inter-crop were found to be a spread of branches of only eleven feet, clover is usually considered more expensive injurious to the trees these two plots were while the other has a spread of nineteen than peas, probably on account ot the cost changed to peas with manure, and clover feet. Pruning undoubtedly has done much of the seed, it is the cheaper crop to use with one cutting removed for feed the sec- to equalize the height and a stunted tree Our records show that while the =1"^" ="d ond year. As the experiment now stands, often has a trunk out of proportion to its costs $8.40, or 70 cents per pound, which is and has been running for five years, we have size. an unusual price, the pea seed costs $5.00 as follows- The growth of the Mcintosh Red trees, or 5 cents per pound, and_ must be sown Plot 1. Clover two years, one crop re- as shown by the above t.able, is in the order each year, while the clover is good lor two moved for hays'second crop plowed under. of plots 2, 1, 3, 5 and 4. The diameter years. This means plowing twice, preparing Plot 2 Clover two years, no growth re- of the Rome Beauty trees is in the order of the seed bed twice, seeding twice, and mark- moved, and plowed in fall. plots 1, 2, 4, 5 and 3, and the height in ing for irrigation twice, f-'ll'^^J^^ Plot 3. Clover two years, all growth re- the order of plots 2, 1 , 4, 3 and 5. Gener- but only once for the clover. Besides where moved, then plowed in fall. ally speaking, the trees on all the plots ex- one crop of clover was --0-^ Je hay Plot 4. Peas two years with all growth cept plot four, have made a satisfactory about one ton, was worth (1919 pices con Plowed under growth under the present methods of cul- sidered) the total of all the costs of the Plot 5. Pe.as two years" plus manure and ture. Those on plot four have made the clover. However vve do not f«l that over all plowed under. least growth and have produced more small one cutting shou d be removed-better not ■it year Following the two years of applet than the other four plots combined. any until the soil is wel -PP -^ - J - cover crops all the plots are clean cultivated The yields of the different plots during trogcn and humus. ^^^ ^ "^^ /'^f^^'^'^;^ to get rid of the weeds, then the same the past four years indic.ite the value ol the between the '°''\°l '^^ '^^I'^J'^l^^l rot.ation is started again. As will be noticed various methods of culture. While one - =°v- "°PJ -^ ^^ J^^ 3'"^*^' ^p^^^^^ this gives one plot with no clover growth might conclude that the average yield per per acre m favo "^ '^^^ ^;°;;^. ^ J^ ^' removed, one with one cutting removed tree is low in all cases, the station records cost $33.20 and the clover $22.20 per and one with all growth removed. show that severe frosts during the two years acre. Page 10 BETTER FRUIT August, 1921 Budding the Peach, Plum and Cherry By Joseph Oskamp, Horticulturist Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station BUDDING is commonly resorted to in the propagation of peaches, plums and cherries, although apples may be budded with good success. The work is done dur- ing July, August or September when the bark will peel or readily separate from the wood. Where the growing season is early it is possible to bud earlier in the summer. Buds inserted in the late summer unite with the stock, but no growth takes place until the following spring, when the stock is cut off just above the bud and all the growth forced into the desired bud. A very much larger percentage of buds can be expected to grow if they are in- serted in wood that grew the same season that the budding is done, although buds will grow in older wood. If trees are grown from the seed, apple trees may sometimes be too small for budding the first season, in which case they can be cut back to the ground and the new sprouts budded the following summer. In the case of the stone fruits the bud- ding is done as near the ground as it is con- venient to work, usually two or three inches from the surface of the soil. Apples are budded at about the height that it is wished to start the head, or the buds are even set in the lateral branches when it is the desire to use a hardy stock which is not susceptible to disease or winter injury. The buds are procured from the twigs of the current season's growth of the variety to be propagated and these twigs are known as "budding sticks." The buds are less well developed on the ends of these sticks and therefore the three or four inches of term- inal growth is cut off. The first step in budding is to make a longitudinal slit in the bark of the stock or seedling tree at the desired point and at the upper end of this slit a cut crosswise is made thus forming a letter "T" in the bark at the point where the two cuts meet. The bark at the intersection is gently raised with the point of a knife and the two ends are rolled back so that the bud can be in- serted. The bud is cut from the "budding stick" by slipping the knife blade through the bark from beneath the bud upward to a point about a sixteenth of an inch above the bud. The knife is withdrawn and a crosswise cut severs the bud from the stick. For convenience in inserting, it is well to leave a portion of the leaf stem on each bud when cutting off the leaves from the budding stick. The flaps are opened as suggested and holding the bud by the short leaf stem, it is forced from above down- ward until the square end of the patch of bark bearing the bud comes down to a point where it fits the crosswise cut made in the seedling tree. The bud is now ready for tying. Nurserymen frequently use carpet string for this purpose. Starting to wind the string at the bottom of the bud, bring the end up in such a manner that it will catch beneath the wound string, so that no knot is necessary and proceeding until the string covers practically the entire cut area, ex- cept only a small portion of the bud and adhering stem. The top end is secured in a loop so as to hold the twine in place. It will be necessary to examine the buds within ten days from the time of wrapping be- cause the young trees are growing at this time and the string soon begins to bind and choke. The string is cut by running the blade of a sharp knife through it lengthwise of the seedling on the opposite side from which the bud is inserted. Peach, plum or cherry seedlings can be purchased from nurserymen or the seeds from the family orchard may be planted and the seedlings grown in which to set the buds. Peach seeds should be allowed to freeze during the winter by placing in sand or dirt out of doors where they may become well soaked by rain and snow. The pits are planted out in the spring. Plum seeds are treated in the same manner. Cherry seeds should not be allowed to dry out, as they will then sprout with great difficulty. Seed from the common varieties of plums and cherries may be used for growing seed- lings, but the more desirable stocks used by nurserymen for this purpose are the Myro- bolan and Marianna plums and Mahaleb and Mazzard cherries. The Value of Topping Strawberry Plants By Gordon G. Brown, Horticulturist Hood River Experiment Station IVrOW that the strawberry harvest is over •^ ' it is well that the grower lay plans for the most important factors connected with the care of such plants for the remainder of the season. Topping of plants and fertilizing now command attention because upon the manner in which this is done depends results for next year. It is well to keep in mind that sturdy, thrifty plants only will pay and that stunted plants as a rule are a liability rather than an asset. The writer has been conducting a num- ber of experiments during the past two years with reference to the best time to top plants. The customary practice is to allow from two to four weeks to elapse after harvesting before doing this work. A common concep- tion is that the plants require a "rest" and that they will do better when so handled. During the two or four weeks mentioned the plant remains somewhat inactive until topping is done. Then new leaves are thrown out rapidly. Experiment station rec- ords favor topping both in point of yields, size of fruit, vigor of plants and practical economy in cultivation. When the tops are not removed it is quite difficult to hoe around the plants thoroughly and economic- ally. The main consideration is the question of the best time to top. Shall we wait two weeks or a month before doing this? Ap- parently there is little to support the de- lay. The old leaves have practically ceased to function. Obviously, more plant food cannot be stored up until new leaves are present to manufacture this; neither will a new vigorous root system be developed. In two tests bearing upon this problem the re- sults for 1920 and 1921 support this view. The fruit from plants thus handled was larger both in size and yield. Five year old plants that were not topped were less vig- orous than the plants which were topped. The crowns, as a rule, were smaller and sup- ported leaves of smaller size than topped plants. The tests, as suggested have been running only two years, but preliminary results favor early topping. Dynamite Improvement f I ^HE announcement is made that the •*- DuPont Powder Company has per- fected a formula for the manufacture of straight dynamite which results in that explosive being proof against freezing even in zero temperatures. As a consequence of this development, the company has de- termined to discontinue the manufacture of its former straight dynamite and hereafter all this kind of explosive will be made by the new low freezing method. Straight dynamite has for years been the standard of the world in nearly every kind of open work, but a disadvantage has been Us liability to freeze at temperatures below fifty degrees Fahrenheit. As any dynamite loses some part, if not all, of its efficiency when chilled or frozen, many attempts have been made to make it low-freezing. The perfection of the new "powder" by the Du Pont compa- ny makes it possible to use straight dynamite the year round in industrial operations. Thawing, with its loss of time and at- tendant dangers, has practically been elim- inated. The new explosive has been fully tested and proved and the formula for making it has been made standard in all the plants of the company producing dynamite. August, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 Packing Fancy Northwest Peaches THE various varieties of peaches should be picked at different stages of ripe- ness, as weather conditions will modify the time to some extent of picking even one variety. Peaches should not be picked when they are green, as the green peach is neither a good shipper or a good keeper. To ship and keep best the peach should be "just ripe." In picking, pick with the hands and not with the fingers. That is, the peach should be grasped gently but firmly in the hand and removed in a method that will not bruise it. Not a mark should be left on even the ripest peach and they should not be poured from basket to box, but should be handled like eggs. A well lighted and well ventilated part of the packing room should be selected for packing peaches, so that the packer may easily see and lay aside any damaged fruit that passes the sorters. It is well for each packer to have room for two boxes so that two grades can be run at the same time. The end of the boxes farthest away from the packer should be raised about six inches. Benches placed behind the packers to set the packed boxes on until they are nailed and placed in piles should be provided. Peaches should never be packed when they are warm and the greatest care should be used in handling and hauling them for shipment. The pack should be uniform and the fruit absolutely free from blem- ishes and fungus, and properly matured. The pack, to secure the best results in ship- ping, must be tight and up to, but not above the end of the box. The sizes of the boxes most largely used for peach packing in the Northwest are 18 inches long, 11 J/^ inches wide and 4 inches deep, and 18 inches long, 115^ inches wide and 4J/2 inches deep. Below will be found diagrams showing methods for putting up fancy peach packs: o®o®o cmh 7 )^( 7 )^( 7 0X0X0 pXD 65— EXTRA FANCY 3.2 (7-6) PACK 75— FANCY 3-2 (8-7) PACK 90— CHOICE 3-3 (8-7) PACK Interesting and Valuable Topics Discussed npHE summer meeting of the Washington State Horticultural Association which was held at Yakima, July 21 and 22 brought out an unusually large attendance and the discussion of a unmber of interest- ing and valuable topics to the fruitgrower. One of these topics was in regard to the value of oil paper as a fruit wrap, a subject that was handled by D. F. Fisher, plant pathologist with the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, whose experiments led to the discovery of the great advantages of this new wrapping material. Apples wrapped with the oil paper were exhibited by Mr. Fisher that had been left in a room with ordinary ventilation and temperature, that appeared almost as fresh as when packed. While apples wrapped in the ordi- nary wrapping paper and held in storage for the same length of time which were exhibited, were badly decayed. Next to the importance of the oil wraps being a great fruit saver was the statement of Mr. Fisher that it costs only 3 cents a box more to use the oil paper. In discussing the subject of cover crops Roy Larsen, soil specialist of the Wenatchee Experiment Station, strongly advocated leaving orchards covered with vegetation and even condemned the cutting of alfalfa planted in orchards as inimical to the best soil conditions for fruit trees. In supporting his views he referred to the Wenatchee district where growers he said had virtually abandoned clean cultivation and yet were producing larger yields of apples than formerly. R. J. Newcomer, of Yakima talked on the value of the calyx spray while Dr. A. L. Melander of Washington State College, spoke interestingly on the methods of com- batting the leav roller. P. S. Darlington, horticultural inspector, discussed collar or crown rot and C. DeVere talked on the development of water transportation. As an outcome of the prevalence of col- lar rot in the Yakima valley the association made a unanimous request to the Uhited States Agricultural Department to send an expert to Yakima to study this disease. Owing to the keen interest in the meeting this year, M. L. Dean secretary of the as- sociation announced that next year Wena- tchee and Yakima would each have a two day session of the association. Procedure to Protect Oregon Apples A PROCEDURE to protect the reputa- -'-*- tion of Oregon apples for excellence that will interest the fruit growers and shippers of the Northwest has just been in- stituted by the Federal Trade Commission. Upon an application for the issuance of a complaint the Federal Trade Commission, as required by law, has cited the Caraval Company, Inc., an exporting company in New York City, to appear before it on a charge of unfair competition in foreign commerce. The complaint recites that in the State of Oregon certain apples are grown which have become well known as "Oregon New- town Pippins" and which have acquired a reputation of superiority for shipping and keeping qualities for export purposes. The complaint further recites that in re- sponse to an order from Aktiegolaget Half- dan Buhrman, an apple dealer in Stock- holm, Sweden, for "Oregon Newtown Pip- pin" apples, the Caravel Company shipped to this firm 2,000 boxes of other apples with the knowledge that these apples were not the Oregon apples ordered, invoiced the apples as "Oregon Newtown Pippins," and received for the shipment the higher price commanded by Oregon apples. When the shipment arrived, the apples were spoiled. The commission avers that this conduct has the capacity and tendency and does in- jure the business of other apple growers exporting apples from the several states who maintain selling grades, and discredits in foreign markets the good name and business reputation of competing American export- ers and of American products. Complaint is filed by the commission after preliminary informal inquiry made upon the suggestion of the Department of Commerce. The filing of the complaint and the citing of the Caravel Company to appear and make answer initiates a pro- ceeding to try out in a formal way the questions raised by the complaint, this in- cluding the examination of witnesses under oath and introduction of testimony on both sides. The hearings will commence on August 31, or a date to be later announced. Now is a good time to make a survey of your apple and pear harvesting equipment. Don't wait until it is time to pick the fruit. Page 12 BETTER FRUIT August, 1921 The Central Cooperative Marketing Plan By The Editor FROM present indications the long sought for and desired central co-opera- tive organization to assist in the marketing of box apples grown in the Pacific North- west states may be realized. Although no definite information has been given out as to when the organization will materialize members of the committee who were ap- pointed at the marketing conference at- tended by representatives of the six Pacific Northwest states and held in Portland, July 11, 12 and 13, say that the outlook for such an organization is very favorable. With this in view- it is expected that the organization will be formed some time during the early part of the new year. However, whether the proposed central marketing organization materializes or not there is no mistaking the fact that the rep- resentatives of the various co-operative box apple handling associations in the Northwest are thoroughly in earnest in securing at the least a close working agreement that should greatly benefit the industry as a whole. While the concrete results accomplished at the big meeting held in Portland do not loom very large on paper the interests and influences brought together put this im- portant element of the fruit business in much closer touch than it ever has been and seemingly clinched the long entertained idea that it is only by amalgamating their interests that the apple and other deciduous fruitgrowers of the Northwest can attain the greatest degree of success. Held under the auspices of the Farm Bureaus of the Northwest the meeting was made notable by an absence of conflict which so frequently characterizes such gatherings, with the result that such action as was taken was constructive and progres- sive. The need for an organization to han- dle the combined box apple output of the Northwest was recognized and approved; a committee was appointed to devise a nation- wide advertising campaign and a resolution adopted opposing haphazard methods of legislation in connection with the fruit in- dustry. The direct aim of the resolution is to have all contemplated legislation ap- proved by all of the various organizations which will compose the central body before it is submitted for action. The committee appointed to perfect an advertising plan is a representative one, be- ing composed of J. A. Warman, manager of the Skookum Packers' Association of Yak- ima; Dwight L. Woodruff, manager of the A Dependable Ladder Made of clear well seasoned spruce, it is light and strong. Designed especially for orchard work with wide spreading side legs and a rod reinforcement under each step. This strong, rigid construction gives your picker confidence and a wider range of picking. Its use soon saves its cost. Hardie ladders and other orchard de- vices are fully described in our free catalog, which is mailed on request. THE HARDIE The Hardie Manufacturing Co. Portland, Oregon 55 N. Front Street PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. United States Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San Francisco, California August, 19^U BETTER FRUIT Page 13 Wenatchee District Co-operative Associa- tion; C. I. Lewis, assistant manager of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association ; C. H. Swigert, manager of the Yakima Fruitgrowers' Association, and A. W. Stone, general manager of the Hood River Apple Growers' Association. Incidentallv an important development in connection with the meeting was the promise of the Portland Dock Commission to the representatives of the Northwest co-operative associations that it would estab- lish a municipal cold storage plant on the city terminal docks to care for shipments of fruit and other perishables by water. With a municipal cold storage plant on the docks in Seattle and one established in Portland the fruit growers of the Northwest will be well provided with land terminals for using water transportation. The general outlook for the organization of the proposed central co-operative market- ing body in the near future seems bright and another year should see it in success- ful operation. Liming the Orchard LIME is a healthful adjunct in the or- chard for either the cover crop or grass mulch system of management. In either case, a good growth of crop is desired to supply adequate amounts of organic matter and nitrogen to the soil and better to protect the soil against injury from erosion. For a cover crop, legumes are generally employed, and, being sensitive to lime-de- ficiency, they respond to liming on acid soils. When plowed down or disked into the ground, their decay is promoted and regulated by lime. The better decomposi- tion thus fostered provides assimilable ni- trate for the fruit tree. Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" Ftfr Sale by Leading Dealers Ever}rwhere Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON Aresenatc of Lead No Spreader. Ready for use. Simply stir into the spray solution "SPREADO" produces a uniform coating, completely protecting the fruit. "SPREADO" increases the adhesiveness of the spray, especially desirable in rainy sections. "SPREADO" increases the wetting and covering power of the spray, more than paying for itself in the saving of spray material. "SPREADO" does rot in any way injure the foliage or the fruit. "SPREADO" is highly recommended as a spreader hy the Oregon .Agricultural Experiment Station. DIRECTIONS When filling the tank start agitator, sift in gradually the re()uired amount of "SPREADO" keeping the agitator in motion until the tank is filled and spray- ing is begun. "SPREADO" is especially recommended for use with arsenate of lead for the cover sprays in the propor- tion of 5 to 6 lbs. of powdered arsenate of lead with 2 lbs. of "SPREADO" to the 200 gallon tank. Arsenate of Lead With "Spreado." NOW yfu'S "SPREADO" Manufactured by Miller Products Company PORTLAND OREGON GRANTS PASS. OREGON Sold by Oregon Growers* Co-operative Association Salem, Sheridan, Rosehurg and Medford, Oregon Eugene Fruit Growers' Association Eugene, Cresswell and junction City, Oregon Hood River Apple Growers' Association Hood River. Oregon Page U Annual Conference of Horticulturists HORTICULTURISTS, entomologists and plant pathologifts of the North- west and British Columbia held an im- portant series of meetings at Hood River, Oregon, July 26 to 29, when they gathered for their fourth annua! conference. The conference was held under the direction of W. S. Brown, chief of the Division of Horticulture of the Oregon Agricultural College and was attended by 30 to 40 experts. Containing a list of im- portant problems that are confronting the fruitgrowers and farmers of the Northwest the program brought out information and discussions that proved highly valuable to all present. The various colleges and experiment stations in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah and British Columbia were represented and the comparative data se- cured on some of the foremost questions considered will lead, it is expected, to an improvement in a number of the methods employed in fruit culture. An interesting phase of the conference were a number of demonstrations conducted in Hood River orchards by Gordon G. Brown and Leroy Childs of the Hood River Experiment Station. Social features were a dinner at the Columbia Gorge Hotel an automobile tour of the valley and a vis't to Cloud Cap Inn, where 20 of the party remained over night and made the ascent of Mt. Hood in the morning. At the close of the meeting it was de- cided to formally organize a body to be known as the Northwestern Association of Horticulturists, Plant Pathologists and En- tomologists. Professor O. M. Morris of the Washington State College was elected president, and a vice-president and jpcrc- tary-treasurer will be elected later. It is the plan to have each of the three sciences represented by an officer. An AppleBook of Notable Interest "T^HE Commercial Apple Industry of -'- North America," is the title of a new book by J. C. Folger, assistant secretary In- ternational Apple Shippers' Association, and S. M. Thompson, formerly fruit crop spe- cialist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Professor Brown of O. A. C, has reviewed the book and considers it very good — "one of the most up-to-date books on the sub- ject," is his comment. In collecting material for this work, the authors have visited practically every im- portant apple-growing country in the United States; first in connection with a special investigation of the cost of pro- ducing apples in important regions, con- ducted by the office of farm management, U. S. Department of Agriculture; and later as fruit crop specialists engaged in organiz- ing a system for estimating the commercial apple crop of the United States. BETTER FRUIT The scope of the book is a wide one covering every phase of apple growing, handling and marketing, and Better Fruit recommends it to those seeking a volume containing information of this character. The state of Washington supplied more than half of the country's box apples in 1920. Worth Many Dollars Lewiston Valley Water Co. Lewiston Orchards Leu-iston, Idaho, June 21, 1921. Belter Fruit Publishing Co., Portland, Oregon. Gentlemen: — / have before me the June cofy of Better Fruit. I tvish that every fruit grozier in the North'.vest could read this issue. You will fmd inclosed a list of the fruit growers on the Lewiston Or- chards. 1 hofe you will he able to mail each one a cofy of the June number. This one issue is zcorth many dollars to any fruit grozcer. Yours truly, {Signed) Davis S. Wallace, Manager August, 1921 BEST SERVICE QUALITY a PRICES PERFECTION IN FRUIT 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK PORTLAND.OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY-ANO CAN SHIP (N 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, 'PLES.CHERWES a STRAWBERRIES. ^^eJienMttf J .the dominating ieature of Caterpillar'Tractors MANUTACTURING COMPANY Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois LoM Angetea, Cat. Spohant, Waah. San Francitco, Cat. August, 1921 American Apples In China FROM a bulletin just issued hy the United States Department of Agricul- ture it is interesting to learn that the mar- ket for the apples of the Northwest in China is more susceptible of expansion than for other fruits. The varieties that meet with the most favor in China are the Yellow Newtown, Spitzenberg and Winesap and the grade that is said to be best suited to the trade is a fancy or No. 2, although an extra fancy is wanted in limited quantities for the Christmas trade. The sizes that are the most popular with the trade run from 120 to 163, but both larger and smaller sizes have reasonable demand and sale. The largest quantity of apples sent to China from the United States in any one year was approximately 40 carloads. American apples are sold in China by the pound and retail at $5 to $6 a box. BETTER FRUIT Page 15 Get ready for the compaign against an- thracnose in your apple trees. Remember that a clean crop next year depends on the thoroughness with which you spray this fall. Ridley, Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING. LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy Before You Buy a Grader See The NEWELL! A Perfected Weighing Machine, Accurate and Efficient The operation is simply this: Fruit is raised automatically from hopper to sorters, by conveyor belt, fixed with rol- lers to prevent bruising. Passed by the sorters, it is de- posited by belt conveyor, one at a time, upon aluminum scales, which are attached to single sprocket chain, carrying fruit along the side of the shunt-board, which gradually pushes them farther out on scales, until their weight tips scales, depositing them in packer's bins. All fruit of same weight will tip scales at same bin: it must function I If fruit is running large, shunt board may be set in; if small, set it out. This is the only necessary adjustment. A Few Outstanditig Features of the NEWELL Low Hopper — no step up when filling. Automatic feed from hopper to sorting table; controlled by head sorter without leaving his place. One piece scale with no deli- cate adjustment to get out of order or wear out. Scales on SINGLE chain, not double. Made in Two, Three and Four Section Models TIMOTHY NEWELL, Manufacturer Parkdale, Hood River Valley, Oregon Page 16 BETTER FRUIT D'RTnrP'Q pi'RTTTT' ^^'^ should, we think, cause Dili iXl(XVrrvL>lll reflection on the part of Northwest Published Monthly j^j^,^l^ applc shippers before they Better Fruit Publishing Company widen the wedge that may prove Twelfth and Jefferson Streets disastrous to the industry. To make PORTLAND. OREGON ^^^ ^ppj^ industry in the far West j^rr6l'S''owen .•.•.■.■.•;.■. Associaie-lditor pay, it must reccivc a superior price gbwiN°r WILLIAMS./.*':'"'."'."'. '''"'" for its product. Its long distance ....San Francisco Representative, Hobart Bldg. fj-Qj^ (-^e \>,\g fruit COUSUITling CCn- STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS tcrs of the country make this higher ?v'\lH°NGT6N-D^'!^."L:'"Snder, Ento- price imperative. Without it the mologist; O. M. Morris. Horfcultunst, Pull- j,.,^,^jgtj.y cannot SUrvive. COLORADO— C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento- \J\cyhpr- nnrkincr msts WaS the mologist; E. B. House. Irrigation Expert, State JrllgnCr paCKing LOSMb Wdb IIIC ARi?J5NA-FS°"crWel°Ho';S?urist. Tuscon. rcason givcn for shipping bulk ap- ^'aTifornTa^-c' w'Vooro'rth, Entomoio- plcs from the Northwest. Why ^.^:^''C.:^h^J^. Ho-rS'tufls?: continue a practice that is not now iNmAlii-H. s. jacKson. Pathologist, Lafayette, necessa ry and may mean dis astcr. All Communications should be addressed and a o XT n 1 i_* ' Remittances made payable to A I^qD, iNot a KedUCtlOIl BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY r^' • -i Subscription Price: When all is Said the cut in rail- In the United States, $1.00 per year m advance. , . . , r -^ r .■.! Canada and Foreign, including post^age, $2.00, j-Oad freight ratCS On f rUlt f fOm thc Ad^ni's'ing" RaTeTon" Application. Pacific Coast to Chicago and the At- — lantic Coast is not a reduction but Bulk Apples a sop handed out apparently to , , ■ .u XT ^i,„,„.^ avoid further action for adequate Apple growers in the Northwest who have been marketing their pro- '"^ ^^ ' a . ■ .u duct in bulk will do well to ponder What the alleged cut in the rate before continuing this practice. The really amounts to is a shaving of demand and higher price for apples the old rate of 12/. cents per from this section has almost entire- If pounds or 6/ cents on a box ly been built up by superior packing of apples. This applies to points methods and employing a container west of Spokane, the la ter receiv- that is more convenient and attrac- nig a cut of 1 7 cents per 1 00 pounds tive to the consumer. Quality and or 8/ cents a box. For granting grading have played their part, but this generous favor to the fm, fbove all the pack has been the shippers of the Northwest they thing that has made Northwest ap- have the va uable stonng-m-transit pies renowned the world over and pnvilege taken away unless they made the big development of the are willing to pay an extra! cents apple industi^ in the Pacific North- f 1 00 pounds on such f rui as mav west possible. be stored before it reaches its desti- Other apple growing sections nation. As_ it is necessary to store know this and thev are commenc- big quantities in this way the cut ing to wake up to the advantages w'H amount on much of the fruit that mav accrue to them by utiliz- that goes to Eastern markets to the ing boxes instead of barrels. A case highly gratifying sum of 3/2 to in point was the recent visit to this ^'A cents per box. region of an apple handler from It can be truly said that the fruit Pennsylvania for the purpose of fa- growers of the Northwest ,n apply- miliarizing himself with our pack- ing for a cut in freight rates asked ing methods and obtaining box ma- for bre ad and were given stone, terial. Shipping 20,000 barrels of r^ ^ j D i Albermarle Pippins from the Blue Crade and rack Mountain district of Virginia an- We thorougly believe that this nually, he stated that he was satis- will be a year in which profitable fied that he could sell twenty boxes prices will be realized for apples in of these apples packed as they are the Pacific Northwest. Eastern in the Northwest where he now sold frost damage in the spring and un- two barrels, and get a higher price, favorable conditions in many sec- Augiist, 1021 tions since should assure a heavy demand. But the fruit must be of good quality. It will be a serious mistake for the grower to attempt to mar- ket at a profit, any off-grade, wormy, or poorly sized fruit. We urge the grower to do every- thing possible to produce good quality fruit. Spraying must be timely, judicious and thorough. Also it is necessary that more at- tention be paid to grading the fruit. The successful grower will remem- ber these things and will be certain of a market again next year. To compete on the open market, fruit from the Northwest must be well graded, well packed and in de- sirable containers. A Double Saving Marketing experts in the United States Agricultural Department call attention to the fact that enormous losses are caused annually because large quantities of fruit is frozen in transit. Last winter shippers of apples in the states of Oregon, Washing- ton and Idaho filed claims against the railroads amounting to over $3,000,000 to cover losses from freezing. To assist in reducing these losses the Bureau of Markets of the department has distributed as wide- ly as possible information relative to the proper methods of loading and heating cars. It has also prac- tically completed the designing of' a heating equipment that it expects will very materially reduce these losses if employed and it is hoped it will. There will be another and a safer way, however, of avoiding these losses from frozen fruit — shipping all the fruit tonnage possible from the Northwest by water transpor- tation. In the initial stage of car- rying fruit from the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic or to foreign mar- kets by steamer, there may be some slight loss by improper ventilation, but this will be corrected. Entire shipments will not be ruined. Most important a double saving will be effected — a lower transpor- tation cost and avoiding a loss by freezing. August, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 Shortage of Apple Boxes Probable THE habit of pre-financing fruit box deals by box manufacturers of the Pa- cific Northwest to growers and dealers will, it feems, this season mean a shortage of apple boxes. For months past manufacturers have urged the advance buying of apple boxes in order to more evenly distribute the manu- facturing and delivery of the heavy de- mand that is made on manufacturers dur- ing the closing months of the season when picking and harvesting of apples in the Northwest is at the peak. To encourage early buying, make for a more even distribution of delivery of apple boxes and eliminate the extreme market conditions as was experienced in 1919 with an uncertainty on a rising market, the same uncertainty prevailing in 1920 on a de- clining market, it should be understood the earlv spring market should prevail during the life of each season's crop. Owing to the unusual financial situation this year most manufacturers were unable to extend credit as has been the rule in former years. Growers and dealers were to a great extent in the same depressed condi- tion, which resulted in increased efforts to hold manufacturers to their former practice of extending credit. Most manufacturers being utterly unable to meet this situation has resulted in less apple boxes having been furnished this season than any year in the history of the industry. With less than a 25 per cent normal de- mand in the salmon box business for West Coast manufacturers this season, they were forced to increase efforts in a further de- velopment of other markets. The result of this has developed considerable business from eastern territory as well as from for- eign fields. This came from concerns who placed large contracts and take the cash discount on delivery. These early efforts in that direction it seems are now bringing results, enhanced by the apparent break of the "buyers' boycott" of all merchandise and food products. With this increased business from mis- cellaneous commodity shippers and with about 70 per cent of the apple box require- ments together with pear and peach boxes and the usual demand for dried fruit, ct cetera, a great many manufacturers find themselves unable to take additional busi- ness for immediate delivery. Growers and dealers anticipating a bump- er crop now sense the situation and are endeavoring to have apple boxes delivered promptly. West Coast plants are trying to meet the situation through the increased length of the working day, while others are operating night shifts. One plant is operating a ten- hour day shift with an eleven-hour night shift. Another is operating three eight- hour shifts. Stump Land 75%?? Cleai^ed Land 25% Take an Inventory of Your Land ! ARE you making as much money as you can L out of your farm.? Just stop and do a little figuring for a moment. This table will make figuring easier. Fill in the proper figures: Acres Profit Loss 1. Under cultivation 2. Stump and swamp land 3. This same idle land (2) cleared pro- ducing profit per acre equal to(l) 4. Present total profit(l-2) 5. Possible total profit (1+3) Is it not just plain ^ood business to make idle stump and swamp land into producing land — to shift it from the loss column to the profit column.' The dynamite method is the usual method today for stump and boulder blasting, ditching and tree-planting as well. But to make sure of the best results in land clearing always use STUMPING POWDERS Du Pont and Repauno Brands It is the most reliable, efficient and economical explosive on the market. Constant improvement, through over a hundred years of manufacture has made it so. One hundred page book, "Farmers' Handbook of Explosives," giving complete instructions for the use of dynamite on the farm, sent on request. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., INC. Portland Seattle Spokane Loganberry Borers T^HE loganberry crown borers, which oc- ■'• cur as elongated white worms timnel- ing within the crown and roots of the loganberry and raspberry, are causing an unusual amount of injury this season. Seriously injured plants should be dug and burned. The borer tunnels up in the new cane and girdles it from within, form- ing a blush ring around its base and caus- ing the cane to wilt. Because of this habit the best method of control as yet developed is as follows: Visit the fields in late June and again in July looking for the wilted canes, typi- cal evidence of borer work. Grasp the wilted cane in the gloved hand and re- move it by twisting and pulling at the same time. The borer will generally be in the severed cane, but in case that it is not, a wire should be pushed down into the stub left on the bush. The borer in the cane will die a short time after the cane has been broken off. Where rigorously followed up this treatment will reduce the infestation to a negligible degree. Page 18 BETTER FRUIT August, 1921 How to Propagate Small Fruits Grapes GRAPES are propagated in the fall and winter by means of cuttings. Well matured canes of average thickness, having nodes or joints somewhat close together for the variety, make satisfactory cuttings. Overgrown "bull canes" should be avoided and the wood should be of last summer's growth. Such suitable growth therefore as is cut away in the annual pruning m.ay be used for propagating purposes. Having se- lected a suitable cane, begin at the butt and cut off just below the node, then skip a node and cut off the cutting just two inches above the next or third node. This is re- peated until the best part of the cane is used up. The cuttings will average about a foot in length and should be tied up in bundles and packed in moist sand or sawdust until spring. Or they may be buried upside down in the ground in a well drained spot. For these varieties which do not root readily from cuttings one or more canes are pulled down to the ground in the spring and cov- ered with soil, leaving a part of the ter- minal end out of the ground. Roots or sprouts will generally be thrown out at the nodes and each rooted piece will make a new plant. Blackberries THE bushes of the blackberry usually sprout up readily and these may be transferred to a new location. During the winter, roots a quarter to a half an inch in thickness may be dug and cut into three- inch lengths. These are stored away as directed for other cuttings and planted out in the nursery row in the spring. Raspberries THERE are three kinds— the reds, black- caps and purple canes or hybirds. The reds sprout profusely from the roots and are multiplied the same as blackberries. With the blackcaps and purple varieties new canes are produced from the long drooping branches which bend down to the ground and take root. In the spring these plants are cut away from the parent plant and are ready for setting. Gooseberries and Currants THESE are easily rooted from cuttings of the new wood which are taken any time after the leaves have fallen. Cuttings therefore, may be made from such new wood as is pruned out. They are made about eight or ten inches long, tied in bundles and buried upside down in a well-drained loca- tion or packed in moist sand or sawdust in a cool cellar. The plants may also be propa- gated by drawing the soil up in a mound over the bushes, covering them about a fourth of the way up. Each one of the branches will take root in the course of one or two season's growth and then thev can be separated to form new plants. Apples, Pears, Peaches Potatoes, Onions and all kinds of Fruit and Produce Bought for Cash;. Address us as to what you have to offer. WILLEY FRUIT CO., Inc. 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Ore. TORO BRAND AGRICULTURAL SULPHUR Improves alkali soil, trans- forms potash and phosphor- ous into plant food. Prevents wire worms, smutty grain and potato scab. 220 lbs. ^ ^A j per acre has increased crops iSJM ' up to 600 per cent. Write for circulars 6, 7 and 8, price list and sam- ples. DIAMOND "S" BRAND for Lime-Sulphur Solution. ANCHOR BRAND for dry dusting. CARBON BISULPHluE for rodent control. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. 624 California Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Prince Albert's a new note in the joys of rolling ' em! Talking about rolling your own cigarettes, you've got a handful-of-happiness comingyour direction when you pal it with Prince Albert and the makin's papers! For P. A. is not only delightful to your taste and pleasing in its refreshing aroma, but our exclusive patented process frees it from bite and parch! You smoke P. A. with the bars down! And, for a fact, rolling up Prince Albert is mighty easy! P. A. is crimp cut and stays put and you whisk it into shape before you can count three! And, the next instant you're puffing away to beat the band! Prince Albert is so good that it has led four men to smoke jimmy pipes where one was smoked before! It's the greatest old buddy- smoke that ever found its way into a pipe or cigarette! And you'll o. k. that say so! Prince Albert is sold in toppy red bags, tidy red tins, handsome pound and Half pound tin humidors and in the pound crystal glass humidor with sponge moistener top^ PRINCE the national joy smoke Albert Copyright 1821 Ijy R. J. RejTiolds Win'fon-Snlem.N C Axigust, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 19 Tree Protectors MECHANICAL protectors are recom- mended for young trees on new ground, as they ward off attacks of cut worms, bud weevils, click beetles and other pests that prey on opening buds. Protection from ants that carry aphis into cherry trees is also recommended by the use of protec- tors by the entomologists of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment station. For this purpose cotton batting strips about five inches wide and long enough to reach around the tree are endorsed as excellent. Tie the band loosely at the lower edge with a string and then grasp the upper edge and roll it down over the lower edge. Tree tanglefoot is also recommended. A band three-fourths of an inch wide is the most efficient. If too wide the bands injure the young trees. DESTROY ROADSIDE WEEDS Because — 1. They act as centers of weed infesta- tion for adjoining fields. 2. They may be carried for many miles by passing vehicles and animals. 3. They harbor harmful insects and plant diseases. 4. They create insanitary conditions. 5. They are unsightly. Methods for destroying roadside weeds, approved by specialists of the United Statei Department of Agriculture, are; By— 1. By mowing twice a year while they are in full bloom, usually in June and August. 2. Utilizing the roadsides for growing hay. 3. Grazing with tethered animals. 4. Converting weedy roadsides into lawns. GRADE ALL ROADSIDES SO THE WEEDS CAN BE CONTROLLED. 'X'HE price set by the California Pear Growers' Association this year for Bartlett pears of No. I grade is $61.75 net to grower; No. 2 grade, $33.25 per ton. Last year the price received by the association was $100 per ton. The organization decided to limit the tonnage to be sold to the canners to 60 per cent of the pack. "Always At Your Service" Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: LADDERS BOX PRESSES PACKING CHAIRS BOX-MAKING BENCHES and AUTOMATIC ELEVATORS all GRAVITY & POWER CONVEYOR kinds POTATO GRADERS AND SIZERS of PRICE FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Special NELSON FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Equipment PRICE "PRICE PRODUCTS" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse. Illustrated Booklets and Price List on Request Fruit Appliance Company Successors to Price ManufactMring Company, Inc. YAKIMA, WASHINGTON SIMONS. SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.. London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Address SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Page 20 BETTER FRUIT August, 1921 Spraying Methods (Continue J jrom fage 6) the upper and under surfaces of the leaves with spray in order to keep them clean as it is to spray the fruit. In fact if we keep the foliage clean the fruit is incidentally protected. The spray required for the best results in scab control is one broken up in very fine particles. The spray can be made fine bv cutting down the openings in the discs of the guns when used on a small out- fit, but in so doing the "push" behind it is lacking and as a result little spray reaches the tops of the trees — none If the wind is blowing. We have found as high as 45 per cent scab infection occurring in the tops of the trees and only 5 or 6 per cent in the lower parts of the trees where growers have attempted control with inadequate equip- ment. Adjoining orchardists with sufficient equipment have completely controlled this disease. What is true with the control of codling moth and scab is true also of other orchard troubles. The tops of trees must be sprayed if results are to be expected. A sprayer of generous capacity is the most gratifying im- plement that can be owned by an orchardist and it pays for itself in a very short time if properly handled. Users of spray guns are often fooled in the character of the work that they are do- ing. A very great percentage of the or- chardists in the Northwest often use insuf- ficient material per tree. This is particu- larly true of the early spring applications. This failure to use sufficient material is largely due to the fact th.U the operator sees the spray high up in front of him, but does not see exactly to what extent or to what height he has covered his trees. The result is the worker hurries on and the tree does not receive spray sufficient to cover it thor- oughly or give it the protection needed. The actual cost of the spray is usually the least expensive of the entire operation and many growers could materially increase the degree of pest control that they are now obtaining by using more material and dis- tributing it better over the tree when they spray. Spraying can be and is, over done. This, however, is much more the exception than the rule. There are many growers who can use this advice to their advantage. The average spray requirements of trees of various ages and for different applica- tions has been determined by the Hood River station. Figures were obtained from growers who have been successful in their handling of various orchard troubles. The following table shows the result of the in- vestigation; for the most part these figures are conservative: Summer Miscibk Applications . Oil ■for scab Age Gallons and of per codling Fall tree tree moth Bordeaux 11 4.1 4.1 12 4.5 4.5 5.0 U 5.6 4.5 5.1 14 7.n 5.2 15 7.2 5.6 6.1 17 8.0 6.0 7.4 Beekeepers in the Yakima valley are again declaring that the honey industry in that section is doomed unless orchardists change their methods of handling arsenate of lead sprav in orchards, where alfalfa is grown. I "The Wise Men | I of Appletree | i 1 own 1 are the men who choose their banking connection with the same discrimina- tion they use in pruning. The First National Bank, because of its size and com- prehensiveness of its de- partments, is particularly equipped to offer the hor- ticulturist the most in bank- ing service. Its facilities and the per- sonal interest of its officers are at your disposal. The First National Bank OF PORTLAND, OREGON The first national bank west of the Rocky Mountains Orchard Queen Cider Mill 100'/. JUICE It doesn't crush the apples, but grates or grinds them, breaking the juice cells so that when the pomace is pressed in the sani- tary cloth sacks, all of the juice is ex- tracted. Orchard Queen is the simplest, easiest operated, cleanliest and most efficient of cider mills. No metal in cylinder or hop- per to discolor juice. Operated by hand or power. Made in two sizes. Our folder explains in detail the construction and operation of the Orchard Queen Mill. Write for it. Puffer-Hubbard Manufacturing Co. 3303 East 26th St. Minneapolis, Minn. Many homes and farms are being modernized by handy water facilities, and their water supply instead of being a heavy burden as it always has been in the past, IS now their best servant. MYERS ELECTRIC HOUSE PUMPS, DIRECT WATER SYSTEMS, HYDRO PNEUMATIC PUMPS and CYLINDERS are playing an imporlant pari in this cliange by making 11 possible for any home anywhere lo have running water at the tum of a faucet for household use — bath, kitchen, lafindry. toilet; for stock watering. sprinkling fighting fire and innumerable other pur- poses MYERS PUMPS for Private Water Systems are simple, easy to install and operate, fully proven and dependable. They are designed and built in many styles and si.'es. and thus will meet your requirements as to capacity, depth of your well or cistern and method of operation I) you are still carr>-ing water Irom some outside source, you are interested in MYERS ■Honor-Bill ' PUMPS for a Myers Water System will save you more real hard work every day in the year than perhaps any other device in your home or on the farm. Write immediately lor copy of our laic Catalog, No. HP20 — Sent lo anyone without the leasJ obligation ;: ^XdXiddj^ K^j^rade for each type ofen^im STANDARD OIL COMPANY (CALIFORNIA) ZEROLENE *foman Wolfe Bi'ik'- Portland. ()regon BEES AND BEEKEEPING T^HE number of hives of bees on farms in the United States on January 1, 1920, according to the fourteenth census, was 3,476,346, as com- pared with 3,445,006 in 1910, showing an in- crease of 31,340, or 0.9 per cent. In making comparisons between these two years the change in the date of enumeration, from April 1 5 in 1910 to January 1 in 1920, should be taken into consideration. Especially in states where the win- ters are severe, the number of hives of bees on farms in April of any year is likely to be con- siderably less than the number in January. In such states the 1 920 figures may be somewhat too high for a fair comparison with 1910. It is probable, therefore, that a count of the hives of bees In April, 1920, would have shown a decrease, as compared with the number in 1910, rather than even a slight Increase. The states reporting the largest number of hives of bees on farms on January 1, 1920, were Texas, with 235,111; Tennessee, with 191,898; California, with 180,719; North Carolina, with 163,956; Illinois, with 162,630; Missouri, with 157,678; Kentucky, with 156,889; and Alabama, with 153,766. These eight states are the only ones which reported over 150,000 hives of bees in 1920. Tennessee showed the greatest absolute increase, with 47,417 more hives of bees in 1920 than In 1910, and Oklahoma was second, with 27,330 more hives in 1920 than In 1910. The production of honey in 1919 was 55,261,- 552 pounds, as against 54,814,890 pounds in 1909, an increase of 0.8 per cent. The production of honey is fairly uniformly distributed throughout the United States. Six states reported more than 2,000,000 pounds of honey produced in 1919, ss follows: California, 5,501,738 pounds; Texas, 5,026,095 pounds; New York, 3223,323 pounds; Iowa, 2,840,025 pounds; Wisconsin, 2,676,683 pounds; and Colorado, 2,493,950 pounds. The amount of honey produced In 1919 by the Northwestern states was as foUews : Washington, 1,596,206 pounds; Oregon, 929,555 poundsj Ida- ho, 1,208,229 pounds; Montana, 630,608 pounds. On January, 1920, Washington had 56,906 hives of bees; Oregon, 45,264; Idaho, 35,000; Mon- tana, 11,918. THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chemeketa Street SALEM, OREGON Phone Main 6018 for ROGERS COMPANY Rubber Stamps, Seals Stencils 514 Gerlinger Building Portland, Oregon Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards, Apple, Tear, Clierrj', Peach, Plum, Prune, Apricot, Quince, Grape Vines, Shrubbery, Plants. Raspberries, Blaeb- berries. Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb, Flowering Shrubs, Rosea, Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NUFISERY CO. ToppexiiBh, Washington. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. CORN HARVESTER f^'*^^'*'^'- Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Sp?lding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. WHAT ISlfoUR INCOME? You Cat\ Tell Uncle Sdirt, If Yovi K^cp Farm Rccordsl Tweed's Cost Records ill make it possible for you to comply with the law. A few minutes a day is all that is required to keep these simplest of records. No knowledge of bookkeeping is necessary. What would you think of a merchant who kept no books? You fruit growers are in a business as much as any merchant, yet many of you keep no records, and do not know where the leaks occur. TWEEDS COST RECORDS have been worked out carefully by a man who was raised on a farm and knows from experience how little time a farmer has for bookkeeping. Hundreds of farmers are finding the TWEED SYSTEM simple and practical. Write today for full particulars, stating size and kind of farm you operate. FARM SUPPLY CO. * Idk for cut- ting Com, Cane and Kafiir Com. Cuta and throws in piles on harves- ter. Man and horse cuts and ehocta __ ' equal to a Corn Binder. Sold ia every state. Price only $28 with fodder binder. The only eelf gathering corn harvester on the market, that is giv- ing universal Ba; is fact ion.— Dexter L. Woodward, Sandy Creek, N. Y.; writes; "3 years n^o I purchased a Com Harvester. Would not take 4 timcg the price of the ma- chine if I could not cct another one," Clarence F. Hug- gins, Specrmore, OLIa., *\VorI;3 5 times better than I expected. Saved 540 dollara in iriborthis fall." Roy Apple, Farmersville. Ohio., "I have used a com shocker, com binder and 2 rowed machines, but your machine beats them all and takes less twine of any machine I have ever used." JohnF. Haag. MsyneUl. Oklahoma., "Your heir- veeter gave good satisfaction while using tilling our Silo." BL F. Ruognitz, Otis. Colo., "Just received aletter from my father saying he received the_ corn binder and he ia cutting corn aad cane now. Says it works fine and that 1 canai^l iota of them next year." Wrtto for free catalog ebow* Ins pirtureof harvouLor at woclt aait tesUmoolalu. PROCESS n:FG. CO. Sallna» Kansa*. 28! Twelfth Street Portland, Oregon ^^VC the roof and kip save the buildinp OTHER QUALITY PRODUCTS especially prepared for use on the farm. Oronite Roof Paint A high-quality protective coat- ing for prepared roofing and metal roofs. Mica Axle Grease Gives a durable, smooth lubri- cating film under every pull- ing condition. Keeps the axle cool; no hot boxes, no gum- ming. The MICA makes it better. Eureka Harness Oil Preserves the original strength and life of leather and keeps it soft and pliable. Keeps har- ness "new looking." Standard Hand Separator Oil Correct Lubrication for your Hand Separator, under the conditions of high speed and close fitting parts. \A/inter rains and winds are coming! Protect your buildings where the weather strikes hard- est — the roof! ORONITE SHINGLE OIL Preserves Shingles Drenching rains and whipping winds cause moisture and air to penetrate the fibre of un- protected shingles and cause disintegration and decay. The hot sun causes evaporation of the natural oils in the shingle fibre and cracking and warping occur. These results of exposure hasten the day when you must stand the cost of repairs or an entire new roof. Use ORONITE SHINGLE OIL on all shingles Oronite Shingle Oil is a high-quality preserva- tive especially prepared to protect shingles against exposure and the effect of the elements. It is used on side walls as well as on roofs. It penetrates the shingle fibre with a moisture- resisting preservative. It retards the evapora- tion of natural oils in the wood, prevents crack- ing and warping and gives longer life to the shingles. Examine your shingle roofs now. Last win- ter was one of the heaviest in the experience of the Pacific Coast. Your shingles need atten- tion. Put them in condition to stand up under next winter's weather. An application of Oronite Shingle Oil now will save your roof and help save your building. Oronite Shingle Oil may be readily mixed with colors. Our nearest agent will be glad to give you formulas. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ORONITE means QUALITY WHEN WRITI.M. ADVKKTlStKS MF.NTION nUTtH KKl 11 ill jii iiii ■ ■ iji^^^inii***!^^^^ Jl^Ci^^ OUR ORCHARD ^m r^EINI^DbT & KELLY I NEW YORK I , briOUE3TI?M^bLY THE bl3TRIBUTPn UNTRY'3 Fancy OTHER FRV/ITJ OUR MARKtT THE WORLD PRESS OF THE ARCADY COMPANY, PORTLAND, OREGON k[ SEP 1 51921 BETTER FRUIT Q (ill 20 Cts. the Single Copy Subscription One Dollar per Year in the United States i Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, Two Dollars, Payable in American Exchange BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY P U BLIS HERS PORTLAND OREGON Making the Boxed Apple Safe for Delivery By CURTIS STRONG Manager Box Department West Coast Lumbermen's Ass'n Picking for Flavor and Keep- ing Quality By F. W. ALLEN Assistant Professor of Pomology University of California Power Farming's Victory in the Orchard By H. M. BOLAND of the California Peach and Fig Growers' Association 'I Apple Packing House Needs of the Northwest By Specialists of the Bureau of Markets, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture m ^^^3 Better Fruit^s Standard Apple Packing Chart An Up-to-date Guide for Grading and Packing Boxed Apples B Cables: POUPART, LONDON Codes : ABC (5th Edition) Marconi International Bankers : Merchants Bank of Canada Bank of Nova Scotia, Etc. T. J. POUPART (John Poupart, William Ravenhill) Convent Garden, London, W. C. 2 REGISTERED SPECIAL NOTICE We have now opened a branch at Liverpool which will be conducted on the same lines as London. Grow- ers can communi- cate direct with the manager, T. J. POUPART 54 Stanley St. Liverpool TRADE MARK The Largest Firm of Fruit Salesmen in Great Britain (ESTABLISHED OVER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY) SALES BY PRIVATE TREATY ONLY (Gives best results) COMMISSION THE EXCLUSIVE BASIS (Purchase propositions cannot be considered) ADVANCES OFFERED TO COVER FREIGHT CHARGES Special Facilities for Handling Consignments from Co-operative and Other Organizations We are pleased to announce that we have arranged for Sam Birch to again visit all our ship- pers. Correspon- dence can be ad- dressed to him in advance, care of "Better Fruit" of- fice. Members of North Pacific Coast Line Joint Service of The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company — Holland- America Line VANCOUVER, B. Fast Freight Service Between C— PUGET SOUND— COLUMBIA RIVER- LOS ANGELES HARBOR -SAN FRANCISCO— and AND LONDON— LIVERPOOL— HULL— ROTTERDAM— AMSTERDAM— ANTWERP- HAMBURG and HAVRE From Pacific Coast Ports Loading S. S. MOEKDYK Late August S. S. NOORDERDYK Late September *S. S. MOLIERE Early October S. S. EEMDYK Early November S. S. KINDERDYK Late November * Southampton and Glasgow only. From Europe Loading *S. S. MOLIERE Early September S. S. EEMDYK Late September S. S. KINDERDYK. Early October S. S. MOERDYK Early November All Steamers Equipped with Large Coolrooms and Refngerators for the Transportation of Fish, Fruit, Cheese and Other Perishable Cargo For freight rates and space apply: Oregon-Pacific Co., 203 Wilcox Bldg., Portland, Oregon— Main 4565 September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Fage 3 Has the Farmer a Real Grievance? Yes, he has I He has a real grievance because the prices he receives for his products have declined more than have the prices he must pay for almost everything he buys. Because of these facts the farmers are not making as large profits as they believe they are entitled to make. Some blame their troubles largely on the railroads. "Freight rates," they say, "are the cause of low prices for grain and live stock." The real cause lies much deeper. The decline in the prices of farm products began before freight rates were advanced, and would have occurred if freight rates never had been advanced. It is due to world-wide changes resulting from the transition from war to peace. The Railways Have the Same Grievance as the Farmer The rates the railways are getting, although they have been advanced, are much lower in proportion than the cost of almost everything the railways must buy. High Costs Make High Rates The average passenger rate is about 50 per cent higher, and the average freight rate about 74 per cent higher, than five years ago in 1916, before this country entered the war. From these facts it might be thought that the railways should be making money. BUT — the prices the railways are paying for Materials and Supplies are no^v 65 per cent higher than in 1916; Taxes are 90 per cent higher; Coal per ton is 144 per cent higher; and Wages of railway employees are still 124 per cent higher per hour. In consequence of these things, while the total earn- ings of the railv^ays are 60 per cent greater than in 1916, THEIR EXPENSES ARE I I PER CENT GREATER and THEIR PROFITS, SINCE THE PRESENT FREIGHT AND PASSENGER RATES WERE MADE, HAVE BEEN LESS THAN ONE-HALF AS GREAT AS IN 1916. What Has Happened to the Railroads Since 1916: Increase in Revenue ■■^■b^™™ 60 7/) Increase in Expenses ■■^iBMMBM^i^"""" \ \ 7/) In 1916 railway zvages zvere $1,4-69,000.000. After the Railroad Lahor Board advanced them last year they were at the rate of $3,900,000,000, an increase of 165 per cent. The recent reduction ordered by the Lahor Board was only 12 per cent, leaz'ing zvages about $2,000,000,000 greater than in 1916. Coal cost $1.76 per ton in 1916, the total fuel bill being $250,000,000. In 1920 the average price was $4.20 per ton and the coal cost $673,000,000, or $423,000,000 more than in I9I6. The average cost of railway coal is now $4.29 per ton. With prices of materials and supplies still 65 per cent higher than in 1916, the materials and supplies which the rail- ways bought for $447,000,000 in 1916 would now cost them $750,000,000, or over $300,000,000 more. Present Railway Rates Chiefly Due to Labor Costs — Not to Return on Capital Elxisting rail%vay rates are higher not because railroad capital is receiving or seeking a larger return, but be- cause railroad LABOR, and labor producing things the railroad must buy, is getting so much more than formerly. EVERY INCREASE in rates since 1916 has been in- tended to meet — but has not met — these increased ex- penses, CHIEFLY LABOR, and NOT to increase profits. Railway profits have GONE DOWN. In 1916 the railroads earned 6 per cent. In 1921 they will be fortunate if, on present rates and present expenses, they earn 3 per cent. A GENERAL reduction of rates now could not be made without BANKRUPTING most of the railways and making business of ALL KINDS much worse for everybody. The managements of the railroads are making every effort to reduce expenses so that rates can be reduced later. Some reductions of rates already are being made. There is NO OTHER WAY than by reductions in ex- penses to secure general reductions in rates that will not be ruinous to the railways and make them unable to ren- der to the farmers the transportation service they need. Those who obstruct reduction of expenses not only hurt the RAILROADS but the FARMERS as well. Association of Railway Executives 61 BROADWAY NEW YORK 764 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING CHICAGO, ILL. ^hose de'sering 'furiher^ information &n the railroad situation are requested to address the offices of the Association or the presidents of any of the individual railroads. MUNSEY BUILDING WASHINGTON, D. C. Better Fruit, Vol. 16. No. 3. Published monthly at Portland, Oregon. Entered as second class matter at the post office at Portland, Oregon under the Act of March 3, 1879. Page 4 BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 Ready for Use — Simply Stir Anthracnose ^ZtltZ Now Spray with Bordeaux 6-6-50 and add 1^ pounds of "SPREADO" to the 200-gallon tank. "SPREADO" is highly recommended as a spreader by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. "SPREADO" increases the sticking power of your Bordeaux. Especially desirable in rainy sections as the spores of anthracnose continue to spread for some time. '*SPREADO" increases the wetting and covering power of your Bordeaux, making your spray go further, thus more than paying for itself in the saving of spray material. DIRECTIONS Start the agitator; begin filling tank; sift in gradually the required amount of "SPREADO," keeping agitator in motion until the tank is filled and spraying is begun. Manufactured by Sold by Oregon Growers* Co-operative Association Salem, Sheridan, Roseburg, Medford, Sutherlin, The Dalles, Oregon Eugene Fruit Growers' Association Miller Products Company ^Eugene, aesswen and Junc, on CUy, Oregon Canker of Anthracnose on apple twig showing spore pustules in bark PORTLAND OREGON Apple Growers* Association Hood River, Oregon Horticultural Union Yakima, Washington 'f^^^^^ SASH AND DOORS O. B. Williams Co. 1943 First Avenue South, Seattle Chicken House Sash 20 inches wide by 35 inches high, 93c A dozen different sizes in stock for immediate shipment Sky Lights for Chicken Houses 36 inches by 40 inches; price glazed, $2.50 This is the size recommended by the West- ern Washington Experiment Station — wc carry them in stock for immediate shipment. Sash and Doors for all purposes at lowest prices. All orders receive prompt attention. Our large illustrated catalogue No. 19, showing ful line of building material and built-in fixtures for the home, free on re- quest. O. B. Williams Co. Established 1899 Ridley, Houlding & Co. CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING. LONDON Codes: A. B. C. Sth Edition and Modern Economy BETTER FRUIT Pioneer Horticultural Journal of the Pacific Northwest Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March 3, 1879 Volume XVI PoKTLANu, Oregon, September, 1921 Number 3 Power Farming's Victory in the Orchard By H. M. Boland of the California Peach and Fig Growers' Association ^iiiiiiiiiitiiiniiiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiuiuiiiitiiiiiiiiiiHiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I The frediction that the sa7ne ec- 1 onomic forces that caused the horse I to supersede the ox in the nineteenth I centstiry zvould disflace the horse I '.c'lth the tractor is coming nearer and I nearer iuljillment. In sections of I the country where there are hard I surfaced roads, the tractor and the I motor car and truck have caused the I abando7iment of horses almost en- 1 tirely u-hile everyzchere that the use I of these agencies is at all fracticable I the use of horses is rapidly declin- I ing. — Editor. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiniiiiiMiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiii IMIIIIJIIIIMIIIIIIII POWER farming has achieved a signal victory in the fig growing sections of California which center in the city of Fresno. Its progress is shown in the uni- versal adoption of the tractor for the cul- tivation and care of the vast tracts which are being planted to figs in the interior valleys of the state. An old venture in point of years, fig growing has recently as- sumed the dimensions of one of the state's foremost fruit industries and is character- ized by the introduction of the most mod- ern methods of culture, both through neces- sity and expediency. Large tracts have been planted to figs in the past six years in California and with the progress made in bringing the fruit to a high point of quality, it is believed that in the near future, the state will supply the markets of the nation with American grown figs. Practically every important fig orchard in the San Joaquin valley district is now cultivated by tractor rather than bv old fashioned methods of horse and man power and the fact is doubly significant on ac- count of the keen competition which is being met in the struggle between the old world and the new for the time-honored fig commerce. Investigation by the U. S. Department of Commerce and others h.as established that the interior valleys of California arc per- fectly adapted to the culture of the fig. In soil, climate and in other natural charac- teristics it has been found that the differ- ence between the California valleys and the favored sections of Asia and Europe where heretofore the fig has reigned su- preme is so slight as to hardly warrant distinction. In establishing this fact, the greatest sur- prise was occasioned by an experiment in which a box of figs was dispatched to Smyrna, where fig growers of that section were loud in their praise of the product, claiming that the figs were not California grown, but Smyrna grown, and in some cases the orchards in Smyrna where the figs were supposed to have been grown were named. WITH the establishment of the fact that in quality and appearance the fruit of the Pacific Coast could not be sur- passed, the advantage in seeking the com- merce of the nation has hinged on the pos- sibility of producing as economically and an equal or better yield per acre. It is believed that perfecting of tractor power for use in the orchards is going to play an important part in the development of this commerce in America and that this realization has been brought home to grow- ers is indicated by the rapid adoption of tractors in orchard cultivation, one of the most important phases of successful fig growing. Fig trees, it has been found, can stand neglect in many ways, but for the sweet, wholesome fruit, such as California has developed in the past few years, inten- sive cultivation is an absolute essential. The fig is grown in sections where the hot summer sun and the cool nights impart to the fruit the flavor and high sugar con- tent which has made it one of the most popular fruits with mankind for untold centuries. But the fig is a fickle fruit. An extra abundance of water will cause such rapid growth of the fruit that it swells and splits, making it unfit for commercial pur- poses. Extreme moisture also causes a fer- mentation which gives the fig a sour taste and deprives it of the exquisite aroma which has increased its popularity. THE ideal fig country is where the mois- ture is retained uniformly in the soil, permitting the tree roots to take it as need- ed, but it must be ever present in sufficient quantities to insure a healthy condition. It has been found that the only way to secure this uniformity is by intensive cultivation which forms a mulch, keeping the moisture from evaporating under the burning rays of the California sun and doing away with the capillary attraction that causes the moisture to evaporate through the tubular formation of sun-baked soil. In Asia and Europe, the cheapness of man power makes it possible to cultivate intensively with comparatively little cost and with the crude implements that have been used for centuries. In California it is different. With man- ual labor commanding four and five dollars a day, and sometimes inefficient at that, the progressive element among the orchardists A battery of tractors at work in a 12,000 acre California fig orchard Page 6 BETTER FRUIT September, 1021 turned to the tractor. It has been found in certain cases that one tractor, intelligently operated, dispenses with the services of sev- eral men. Actual accomplishment per- suaded the orchardists that their salvation lay in the direction of tractor power and it has been almost universally adopted. One of the pioneers in the use of trac- tors has been the J. C. Forkner Fig Gar- dens, the largest fig orchard in the world which is just coming into bearing. It is a 12,000 acres tract situated just outside of the city limits of Fresno and is cue of the show places of California. One of the secrets of tlie Forkner Fig Gardens has been tractor cultivation. It is evident that a 12,000 acre tract would re- quire an army of men to care for it and give it the intensive cultivation that has been adopted as the best means of produc- ing quality figs. Their system of culture calls for irrigation in mid-winter when the rainy season is at its height and through this aid to nature, the ground is saturated with moisture. As spring comes along and it becomes possible to turn the tractors upon the land, the battery of power culti- vators is released and all during the hot summer months, the orchards are disced and cross disced giving the underlying soils the uniformity of moisture sought. 'T'HIS year a battery of 87 tractors is em- -'- ployed which gives each tractor about 125 acres to care for. The trees are so pruned that a tractor with its disc cultiva- tors can cover the orchard up to within a few inches of each tree and a foot or so about the base of the trunk is the only section of the orchard requiring hand cul- tivation. It is believed that the employment of tractors on a large scale by the J. C. Fork- ner Fig Gardens will establish a new idea in the use of farm power in many sections. There are several hundred individual own- ers within the confines of the tract, but all the work of cultivation and care is done by this main organization, under contract to individuals. In some cases they are resident owners who are employed by what m.ay be well termed an orcharding corporation, in other cases ihey are city dwellers raising figs as a hobby or investment. The fig was one of the first fruits intro- duced into America, being brought by the Franciscan padres through Mexico in the 17th century. It was then established that the fig would thrive in California. It was not until the last ten years, however, that tors has been the J. C. Forkner Fig G.ir- mercially profitable. A great measure of its obscurity no doubt was due to the lack of intensive cultivation. The era of the tractor made intensive cul- tivation possible and the fig has gone for- ward by leaps and bounds. It solved the secret of the quality fig and this quality is winning recognition. It is through the "quality fig" that California hopes to win the markets of the world and it is through greatly improved cultivation made possible by tractor power that the orchardist has been able to bring the fruit to its present iiigh standard. LAST fall the fig growers affiliated with the peach men in an association known as the California Peach & Fig Growers with 8,000 members. The association will take the marketing cares off the shoulders of the growers leaving them free to devote their energies to improving their product. One of the first institutions of co-opera- tive endeavor to be established was a "grow- ers' school." The orchardists traveled over the fig belt studying methods of culture employed in both successful and un un- successful orchards. At the J. C. Forkner Fig Gardens several hours were spent watch- ing demonstrations of cultivation methods, a feature of which was the performance of the tractor battery. Those that marveled at the growth and appearance of the mam- moth acreage were initiated into the secret of tractor cultivation and the efficiency and economy of the operation which is making this modern "Garden of Eden" a success. Fire Blight REPORTS from various sections in the Northwest to the effect that fire blight is spreading make it necessary to exercise the utmost vigilance to detect it in its first stages and then to use the most efficient and drastic methods to eradicate it. Owing to the rapidity with which this most dis- astrous of tree diseases gains a foothold and progresses, growers should become informed of its advance symptoms and be on the alert against it. In describing the presence of fire blight H. P. Barss, professor of the department of botany and plant pathology of the Oregon Agricultural College, says that it is first noticed by a wilting of the blossoms and leaves on the fruit spurs or the young shoots. Drying up of the branch and foliage soon follows this action. Later the infected parts become black or brownish, giving the appearance of having been scorched by fire — hence the name fire blight. As the disease progresses it often runs down from the tender growth's to the larger branches, main limbs and trunks of the trees and into the root system. The bac- teria also often enters the roots from the suckers. The final result of the blight is to girdle the part attacked. In fact, so destructive is this disease to an orchard, if not checked, that within three or four years from its first appearance, in the severest cases, the trees have to be removed. Pear trees are particularly susceptible to fire blight and some varieties of apple trees more so than others. The Spitzenburg, for instance, has been found to be highly sus- ceptible while other varieties, notably the Newtown, are more resistant. Growing sea- sons when moist, warm weather prevails are favorable to the infection and spread of fire blight. Many remedies have been tried for eradi- acting this disease, but once it has gained a strong foothold, the only method that has been successful is that of cutting it out. As a preventive in its incipient stages some de- gree of success has been attained by the use of special sprays for this purpose. TN CUTTING out fire blight all the -*■ aflfected parts should be removed and also some of the area around the infection. The work above ground should be followed by a careful inspection below the surface. This should be done by digging the dirt away from the b.ise of the trunk of the tree to determine if blight discoloration is present. If it is the cutting out process should be applied to the base and roots of the tree as carefully as the portion above ground. As the disease is highly infectious the wounds made in cutting should be dis- infected with a solution consisting of one gram of cyanide of mercury and one gram of bichloride of mercury to 500cc of water, while all tools used in cutting or pruning trees affected with fire blight should also be disinfected. The orchardist whose trees mav be sub- jected to an attack of this disease will be well repaid by scrutinizing them frequently and carefully and applying remedial meth- ods at once if they become infected. Must Remove Spray OHIPPERS and growers of fruit in the ^ Northwest who do not want to take a chance on having their fruit condemned will remove spray residue. The United States Department of Agriculture has is- sued a ruling to the effect that fruit hav- ing spray on it will be condemned. The ruling was made after fruit growers at Med ford had complained to the depart- ment that a federal inspector was working a great hardship on Southern Oregon grow- ers by requiring them to remove the spray. When complaint was presented to the de- partment the action of the inspector was upheld and fruit shippers and growers w.irned that the spray must be removed. Oregon's apple crop this year is estimated by F.-L. Kent of the Bureau of Crop Esti- mates to be 5,139 cars. The 1921 pear crop of the state is placed at 8,000 tons and the prune crop at 21,610,000 pounds. Thank You! "/ could not ajford to do without Better Fruit any more than I could do without my sfrayer. They are both specialists in their respective callings." — Excerpt from letter of J. R. Allen, Nepfel, Wash. September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Making Boxed Apples Safe for Delivery By Curtis Strong, Manager Box Department West Coast Lumber Co. THE importance of better made apple boxes is of particular interest to dealers and shippers of the Pacific Northwest this season. If plans of the Northwest com- mittee on water transportation work out as predicted at this time, a total of $20,000,- 000 worth of boxed apples will move from the box is increased more than fifty per cent. It was further demonstrated at the lab- oratory that six six-penny cement coated nails in each side nailing edge will give de- cidedly better results than the nailing meth- od represented in the guide issued by the Proper Nailing of Standard Northwest .\pple Box the Pacific Northwest to Eastern and Gulf association, which specifies five six-penny markets in the intercoastal steamships equipped with refrigerator space. Preliminary but reliable estimates indi- cate that there will be an excess of 30,000 carloads of apples produced in the coun- try tributary to Seattle and Portland ports, and if rates tentatively promised by the steamship companies are put into effect together with adequate cooling space, as carriers have promised in return for pledges of 4,000 carloads of fruit to be shipped, it is reasonable to expect that a much larger number of cars will move to these ports for shipment by water. In co-operation with growers and dealers the box department of the West Coast Lumbermen? Associiation has prepared a very complete mailing guide covering the fundamentals in preparing shipments for safe delivery. This consists of an eight- page letter enclosure, featuring half-tones of a properly nailed box and also one of a box properly nailed and strapped for ship- ment by water. It has been very clearly demonstrated at the laboratory of the United States Forest Service at Madison, Wisconsin, that the average wooden box is made from suffi- ciently heavy lumber, but failure and dam- age losses are largely due to insufficient care in proper preparation of packages. The data shown in the mailing guide is based on tests made at the Forestry Pro- ducts Laboratory at Madison. It is very interesting to note that with one extra nail added to each nailing edge the strength of nails in each side nailing edge. On a recent shipment of 30,000 boxes of apples from the Pacific Northwest through the canal to England, the Amer- ican Agricultural Trade Commission at London reported that there would have been no breakage whatsoever had there strapped boxes were received in excellent condition. Losses common to transportation of farm products by both water and rail have been increasing each year. Recent investigation of hundreds of damage claims against the railroads convince marketing officials that these losses could be eliminated and the railroads saved continual annoyance and ex- pense in settling claims if more care were used in packing, nailing and strapping. Loss and damage claims reported by the Consolidated Freight Classification esti- mated for 1919, due to improper nailing and lack of strapping, was over $100,000,- 000. It has been demonstrated that the slight expense for two three-eighth-inch flat straps, applied just inside the cleats, drawn tight and sealed is warranted, in view of the increased strength of the box. The ap- plication of straps permit rough handling, prevents pilfering and prevents loss and damage to the contents. The Pacific Northwest grower and dealer in apples does not find the objection to the use of the corrugated metal fasteners as has been the case in previous years. Since manufacturers have installed proper ma- chinery for this work, the work is done so much more efficiently than is possible to do it by hand there is no serious objection to the use of metal fasteners. A recent order of 50,000 apple boxes placed in the Pacific Northwest specified that ends could be 75 per cent two-piece stock ii properly fas- tened with corrugated metal fasteners. Proper .Strapping of Apjtlc I been a few more nails used in the nailing of the shooks. Last season over 2,000,000 boxes of ap- ples were strapped and shipped from the Pacific Northwest. Reports received from foreign ports showed that all properly ox for V\ aterbornc .Siiipincnts The president of the Hood River Apple Growers' Association recently reported that it has received 1 5 cents additional per box for apples on the New York auction market, due to the fact that they use nothing but {Continued on page 19) Page 8 BETTER FRUIT September, J 921 Picking for Flavor and Keeping Quality By F. W. Allen, Assistant Professor of Pomology, University of California Formerly in Charge of Storage Investigations in the Northwest, Bureau of Markets, Department of Agriculture WHILE the general topics of how to grow, prune and spray orchard trees are important and by their nature essential as a basis for success, yet these long discussed fundamental problems are gradually giving place to more specific topics or phases of these subjects, which in one way and another have to do not only with increased production, but with plac- ing on the market and into the hands of the consumer a product of increasing high quality. The reputation of the Northwest apples is not based upon the large number of cars shipped to the Eastern markets, certainly not upon the closeness, or rather remoteness, of the fruit-producing districts from those markets, but rather upon the superior class or quality of the fruit produced. The ap- ple is a fruit having wide distribution. It can be produced in many sections, some of which have material marketing advantages over the Northwest, and today the question of transportation and marketing is prov- ing to be a problem of very vital import- ance. Thus with the competition of other sec- tions which may be able to produce and market apples at less cost, there is only one reason why the Eastern trade demands Western apples. It can be summed up in the word "Qu.ality," and quality implies superiority. A superior product has no competition and under any kind of normal conditions will always bring what it is worth. The consumer, however, is becoming more and more critical. The standard of quality to- day is different from what it was yesterday ; and, furthermore, the grower may have a higher opinion of his fruit than does the buyer. This comes about quite often owing to the changes which may take place in the fruit in transit. The grower must antici- pate the appearance and quality of his fruit at the time it is exposed for sale on the distant markets. BY "quality" one may first think of size, freedom from blemishes or fine, at- tractive color. These are all attributes of quality, but quality itself is generally thought of in connection with the flavor and texture of the flesh. Thus fruit pur- chased solely on appearance may sometimes prove disappointing. Apples of high desert quality may prove in some cases of poor quality for culinary purposes, while some of the leading varieties for baking should not be selected to eat out of hand. Each variety has more or less of a characteristic flavor which is soon recognized, and it is, of course, not within the grower's power to transform a Ben Davis into the quality of a Spitzcnburg. It is, however, within his power to influence the quality of his ap- ples to a certain extent, and the relation between the time of picking and quality is one of the factors now receiving consider- able attention. It is assumed that there are very few fruit growers who do not remember at some time in their lives of harvesting and eating a goodly number of apples consider- ably in advance of the normal picking season. Doubtless these were all pronounced of fine flavor at the time, but since one's taste generally changes we now recognize that the real characteristic flavor is not noticeably present early in the spring, but develops later in the season as the apple ripens or passes through certain chemical changes. Chemical analysis shows that the growing apple, aside from being 80 to 85 per cent water, contains some 3 to + per cent of starch and from 10 to 20 per cent sugar; also small amounts of malic acid, tannin, cellulose and esters. While all of these constituents bear a certain relation to dessert quality, yet the one which seems of primary importance in connection with flavor and aroma is the small quantity of esters or flavoring oils. While the relative amount of acid present determines whether the apple will be classed as sprightly sub- acid or sweet, yet it is the flavoring oils, concerning which we still know but little, that give the variety its particular taste. AS mentioned above, during the growing period the apple has little flavor; the esters are not present, but there is found considerable starch, a quantity of tannin and a relatively high percentage of acid. The apple is sour and starchy. After full size is obtained the fruit gradually enters a second period, or ripening stage, when the tannin and astringent taste disappear, the acid decreases and the starch changes into sugars. It is in the latter part of this period that the flavoring oils are present in greatest quantity and the apple is in prime condition for eating. The length of time which the fruit remains in this stage de- pends both upon the variety and the man- ner in which it has been handled or stored. At best, however, it is a short period, as even cold storage, which checks life pro- cesses, cannot entirely stop them. After reaching full ripeness the fruit passes into a subsequent period of decline and decay. The flesh breaks down, becomes mealy and there is a loss of the sugars and flavoring oils. With the apple a living organism pass- ing through the above changes, at what time should it be harvested for highest quality? We usually speak of picking fruit when it has reached maturity, but maturity in this sense is quite different from best eating conditions, or, as we generally say, "ripe." Most fruits, the pear excepted, are re- garded as being of better flavor when al- lowed to ripen on the tree or vines. This practice can be followed with some early apples, where they are grown for local markets. In the case of fall and winter varieties — the leading commercial sorts — it is, of course, impossible to allow the fruit to reach its maximum degree of flavor before harvesting. We do know, however, that certain varieties, the Delicious being a notable example, if picked before reach- ing its normal color, does not have a flavor that at all coincides with the name of the variety. It is certainly safe to say that •picking before the fruit has developed its normal size and color will prove to be at the expense of quality. We cannot allow the fruit to become ripe, but it should be allowed suflicient time to reach its proper stage of maturity. The importance of proper maturity cannot be emphasized too strongly. To try to state dates in this con- nection would be useless. The time of picking is exceedingly variable and can only be ascertained by careful discrimination on the part of the grower. Numerous factors may be taken into consideration to deter- mine when the apple has reached proper maturity for picking. The U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture believes that the most reliable single indication is the "ground color" of the fruit. This ground color, which is green when the fruit is imma- ture, begins to whiten or yellow slightly as the fruit reaches maturity. With such a variety as the Winesap, where the red over- color most often entirely covers the green ground, this factor would be of little value. IN. considering the time of picking for flavor it should always be ketp in mind that the fruit must be well grown. A poorly grown, poorly fed or under-watered tree cannot produce apples of flavor, whether they are picked early or late. The apples must develop properly. If the size is small, let us examine the soil for its supply of water or food elements; if the color is lacking, pruning is needed. Thus ficking for flavor goes hand in hand with growing for flavor. It is interesting to note that evidence seems to indicate that a relatively cool at- mosphere is desirable for the development of high flavor. Summer and early fall ap- ples dp not as a rule possess high flavors, and Stewart found that the late fall and winter apples grown so far south that they ripen before cool weather comes on are likely to be lacking in this regard. On the other {^Continued on fage 20) September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 9 Apple Packing House Needs of the Northwest By Specialists of the Bureau of Markets, U. S. Department of Agriculture ^iiitillinilitiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiiiKiiiriiinilriiii nil nil iilliillllll rill iiiiiiiiilliniiniliiiiili I "The construction of v:ell-flanned | I and zvell-equiffed facking hoiisei is | I essential to the economical handling | I oj boxed affles in the Northzvest. | I The recent building frogram has not | I keft face with the demand oj the in- I i d us try, and severe losses have been i i sustained on account oj limited jacil- | I ities jor facking and jor storing un- | I facked jruit temforarily. The | I situation has been aggravated by the | I e?ior?nous increase in froduction dur- | I ing the fast jew years, as well as by | I the serious shortage oj transfortation | I equifment." \ ^illlllllllllllllllllllllllllinilllllllllllllllllllllllllllltllllllllllllllltllllllllllltllllllUIIKIIIIIIMl' SPECIALISTS of the Bureau of Mar- kets and Crop Estimates, United States Department of Agriculture, thus sum up the results of their study of methods and practices which have given the greatest sat- isfaction in commercial operations. Full details of the work are contained in Farm- ers' Bulletin 1204, Northwestern Apple Packing Houses, recently issued by the de- partment. Apple packing houses may be classified in two groups, individual packing houses, which are more commonly known as ranch packing houses, and community houses, op- erated either by co-operative associations or by Individuals. The percentage of the crop packed in community houses is in- creasing steadily, and though no definite figures are available, careful estimates show that the amount increased from about one- fourth of the total crop in 1916 to approxi- mately one-half of the crop in 1919. The same basic principles of construction and equipment apply to all types of houses, and the equipment and methods of opera- tions in an orderly way, moving in one di- rection from the receiving point to the storage or car. COMMUNITY packing houses are espe- cially desirable in the apple-growing districts of the Northwest, where the acre- age is usually concentrated in the river valleys, and where individual holdings with few exceptions are small, ranging from 5 to Small type of frost proof Northwest apple packing house. Although constructed of tile, this type of house is both poorly lighted and ventilated. 15 acres. A group of growers by joining forces may easily finance the erection of a modern packing establishment. In a com- munity house it is possible to perfect an or- ganization of trained men to bring the grading and packing operations to a uni- form high standard. The operations are generally on a scale large enough to war- rant the employment of competent work- men to supervise the various operations, and the cost of inspection is greatly reduced by having this work done at a central point. The cost of packing in a community house is not always lower than where the work is done by the individual, but it usually can be done more rapidly. One important factor in favor of central houses is better conditions for the employ- ment of labor. Very few of the smaller ranches have adequate housing and subsist- ence facilities for the care of their addi- tional help during the packing season. Some growers have tried hauling the packers back and forth from town each day, but this practice is not satisfactory because much time is lost on the road. Then, too, help is usuallv at such a premium that if one per- son is tardy in reporting, the grower will detain the rest of the crew awaiting his arrival. As the work is generally paid by the piece, the workers are inclined to seek employment where they can put in full time and have comfortable living quarters. Large type of Northwest apple packing and air frost cooled storage house. Only the latter, however is proof ^ I ■'HE best site for a ranch packing house -■- usually is found near the residence and other farm buildings, close to the main trav- eled road. Such a location is particularly desirable where there is a common stomge house in connection with the packing house, as the storage house is usually air-cooled and requires the attention of some one to operate the ventilators during the storage season. If the house is a great distance from the ranch house it is less likely to be cared for properly. Wood, brick, concrete, or tile are used in the construction of packing houses, the choice of materials being determined by the cost and the fire risk. As the packing and storage rooms are usually parts of the same building, the same material is ordinarily used in its construction, although the stor- age room is insulated, and the packing room is not. The most important feature in the con- struction of the packing house, but the most commonly neglected, is the arrangement for proper lighting. The most efficient work is possible only when the room is properly il- luminated at all times. Most people under- stand that dim lighting interferes with the accuracy and efficiency of grading opera- tions, but comparatively few realize that the glare of a direct light is equally bad. Hipped-roof skylights and high windows in sufficient numbers to light the interior thoroughly are the most satisfactory meth- ods of lighting. The hipped-roof skylight is preferable to a straight, pain glass, as the style of construction permits it to receive light throughout the day. THE successful co-ordination of the many different operations involved in packing Northwestern boxed apples requires in each case a study of local conditions. It is impossible to lay down certain princi- ples which should be followed always; but where it is necessary to determine precisely what style of construction or type of equip- ment is best suited to the particular needs each packing house becomes a separate prob- (Concluded on page 21) Page 10 BETTER FRUIT Better Fruit's Standard Apple Packing Chart Septemher, 1921 All packs to go in the Northwest Standard Box- THE apple grading rules and regulations used in connection with the packs illus- trated below are the new ones adopted for 1921 by the State Agricultural Department of Washington and are largely the same as those that are used in Oregon, Idaho and Montana with slight variations in the grading. All the packs here described are for the standard apple box measuring lOJ^xll^xlS inches inside measurement. A description of all packs not illustrated can be found under the heading "Apple Packs." Diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers. 88 apples -10/^x11/^x18 inches inside measurement All apples packed under these regula- tions shall be arranged in the container ac- cording to approved and recognized meth- ods and all packages shall be tightly filled, but the contents shall not show excessive or unnecessary bruising as a result of the pres- sure exerted in enclosing an over-filled package. Each packed box must show a minimum bulge of one-half inch on both top and bottom. Any apples wrapped shall be well wrapped to prevent "flagging." Diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers, 96 apples How to start a 2/2 diagonal pack How to start a 3/2 diagonal pack 3/2 pack, 4>^ tier, 5 layers, 188 apples Figure 6 — 96 apples Figure 7 — 104 apples Figure 8 — 112 apples Figure 9 — 125 apples Figure 10 — 138 apples September. 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 Or^d, 31,000; .600. Published by Better Fruit Publishing Company, Arcady Building, Portland, Oregon the cotton plant and its various products. The cotton fields of the Pacific Coast states are clean and free of both of these pests, and also free of the burden and loss that would surely follow their introduction and establishment. The sweet potato weevil has Page IS BETTER FRUIT The Importance of Plant Quarantines By Charles A. Park, Chairman Western Plant Quarantine Board Delivered at .Meeting' of Xortliue.st Horticulturists ' I 'HE importance and value to the crop ■'- producers of the Pacific Coast, of the inception, the issuance and enforcement of plant quarantine is a matter entirely too comprehensive to be compressed into the space and time allotted to that subject upon the current program, and what is to fol- low must be recognized and accepted as the merest outline of the purpose, practice and result of the attempts to maintain plant quarantine on the Pacific Coast. The carefully considered and diligently enforced plant quarantine orders issued by Pacific Coast States up to date, have, in a large measure, resulted in keeping the fruit an dmelon flies out of our orchards and truck farms; in keeping the gypsy and brown-tail moths out of our forests and the blister-rust away from our five leafed pine trees. The Oriental peach moth, now well established in other sections of the United States, has been kept out of the orchards of the Pacific Coast by the ap- plication of close quarantine inspection, and the same may be said of the Japanese beetle. The ravages of the chestnut bark disease, the Eastern filbert blight and the Euro- pean corn-worm, together with the restric- tions they cause to be placed upon these crops, are things we read about in the offi- cial publications of some of the Eastern states, but thanks to the effect of plant quarantine the producers have no actual experience of these virulent crop pests upon the Pacific Coast. The Mexican cotton-boll weevil and the pink boll-worm of cotton — both introduced insect pests — in addition to greatly reducing the annual output of this staple, are causing the issuance of the most drastic and far-reaching federal and state laws, rules and regulations directed against the cultivation and movement of September, 1921 not as yet become established on the Pa- cific Coast, yet the pest is a regular immi- grant and a common acquaintance of the quarantine inspector. The potato wart dis- ease still remains with one exception, in its native habitat, and finally our knowledge of the citrus canker, the most destructive scourge of the citrus industry, is still con- fined to what we read in the official bulle- tins of the state of Florida. I A Dependable Ladder Made of clear well seasoned spruce, it is light and strong. Designed especially for orchard work ■with wide spreading side legs and a rod reinforcement under each step. This strong, rigid construction gives your picker confidence and a wider range of picking. Its use soon saves its cost. Hardie ladders and other orchard de- vices are fully described in our free catalog, which is mailed on request. THE HARDIE The Hardie Manufacturing Co. Portland, Oregon 55 N. Front Street "CAR0 WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY ia retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. United States Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San FrancUco, California September, 1921 ALL of the above mentioned crop pests except the fruit flies have become well established in the L'nited States east of the Rocky mountains, and were introduced mto that territory before the adoption and en- forcement of plant quarantine regulations by the several states concerned. Not one of the above mentioned crop pests has be- come established in the Pacific Coast states, yet since the inauguration and enforcement of plant quarantine regulations on this coast each and all of these crop pests with the one exception of the European corn-worm have been repeatedly intercepted in imports of plant products and destroyed by the local plant quarantine inspectors. The true value of plant quarantines to the crop producers of the Pacific Coast can be summed up in the following simple sentence. The present unchallenged en- trance of our crop products into the mar- kets of the world. Such an enviable con- dition is by no means common to the crop producers of the world at large; in fact, it constitutes a very rare exception. CONSIDER the alternatives. The mar- kets of the world promptly closed to our entire fruit crop. The introduction and establishment on the Pacific Coast of the Mediterranean fruit fly would be suf- ficient cause to create such a situation. If this omnivorous pest should gain an en- trance, either by accident or laxity in en- forcing quarantine regulations, every fruit growing state in the Union and all other fruit growing countries would promptly ap- ply, in fact would be compelled to apply, for their own protection, the same prohibi- tive regulations against the importing or bringing into or through their territories of all of our fresh fruits, as are now in force and enforced against the territory of Hawaii and other countries infested with this pest. Any serious contemplation of the possi- bilities of evil or loss that would promptly result from the establishment of the insect pests and plant diseases enumerated in this address, in the farms, forests and fields of the Pacific Coast, should be preceded by a thorough acquaintance with the actual fi- nancial loss to the crop producers of the countries in which the same have been permitted to gain an entrance and establish a residence. The natural deductions from such a study would, we believe, bring about a clearer, better recognition of the value of efficient quarantine work and a con- certed determination to maintain, develop and support the same. Economy in the use of irrigation water on sandy soils is effected by good soil man- agement and by the. strip border method of application. At the Umatilla, Oregon, branch experiment station H. K. Dean, su- perintendent, reduced the duty of water from 9.7 acre-feet to 4.7 acre-feet last year. This stretches the water for one acre at first to more than enough for two acres ]ater, without loss of yield. BETTER FRUIT Page IS Paint Economy Isn't "Cost Per Gallon" THERE'S one way only to save on paint. That way is to use the best of paint. Some think of paint economy as "cost per gallon." That is wrong. Cheap paint doesn't cover as much surface — you need more gallons. Cheap paint is more difficult to spread, requires more labor, so the best paint costs you no more when you've put it on the house or barn than cheap paint does. More than that, it lasts five or more years, if properly ap- plied, while cheap paint, on the average, begins cracking in twelve months. Good paint is an investment that saves money by preventing deterioration. "Cheap" paint is the only paint that really costs. Don't allow surfaces to rot. It costs less to paint them. We've made paints for west- ern use for 72 y;ars. We use the best materials— pure PIONEER WHITE LEAD, pure linseed oil, zinc and color, but we mix them in scientifically exact pro- portions with long-time skill. Our white-lead base must be fine enough to pass through a silk screen with 40,000 meshes to the square inch. That means covering capac- ity and ease of spread. We super-purify the lead to make it "whiter," which means clearer- toned colors. The finished product on the house or barn is an elastic, tough, protective coating. We call these paints "Fuller's Specification Farm Paints" be- cause they are the very best made for the purpose. Fullerb SPECIFICATION Farm Paints House Paint -Born & Roof Point Woqon Point'Rubbcr Cement Floor Paint' M'f'd. by W. P. Fuller & Co. Pioneer Manufacturers of Paints, Varnishes, Enamels. Stains and PIONEER WHITE LEAD for 72 Years. Established 1849 San Francisco Branches in 16 cities in the West — Dealers everywhere Also makers of All-Purpose Varnishes. Silkenwhite Enamel^ Fifteen-for- Floors Varnish. Washable Wall Finish, Auto Enamel, Porch and Step Paint and PIONEER WHITE LEAD. Free Information Mail Coupon Send coupon for free book. "Save the Surface." which tells of the vital importance of good paint. Also get our small book- let of Fuller's Specifica- tion Farm Paints, Both books will help you in selecting the right paint for your needs. Mail coupon now. Ask our Specification Department for free de- tailed advice on any question about painting. W. p. Fuller & Co. Dept. F 17, San Francisco. Please send me, without charge, a copy of "Save the Svirface" and your small booklet of farm paints and varnishes. Name Address.. Citv. State.. For all exterior jobs of painting it is advisable to obtain the services of a Master Painter Page 14 BETTER FRUIT Applying the Spray for Anthracnose By M. D. Armstrong, County Fruit Inspector Hood River County D. jiiiiiiiiiiiiiii..tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiuiiiiiiithiiniiiiiittiiiiiiiiiiii itiiiiiiitiiiiuiiiiii^ I Anthracnose Serious | I The rapid spread of anthracnose in | I the Northznest during the fast year | I tnakes it necessary {or grotvers to take | I every precaution against it this fall | I before wet weather comes on. Where | I orchards have not received the A ugust | I or early fall application they should | I be sprayed just as soon as the apples | I are picked and every part of the hark | I surface on the tree covered. The pro- | I portions of Bordeaux to use are | I 4-4-50 for the early fall spray and | 1 6-b-SQ for the delayed fall or tvinter | I spray. If lime and mlphur is tised | I the proportions should be 1-8. Grow- | I ers who will apply Bordeaux for an- \ \ thracnose will find Mr. Armstrongs | I recommendations both a time and \ I labor saver. — Editor. \ r.itiiiiMitiiiitiiiillritlDiiiiiiiDiililiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinliiliiiillilillltiimiitiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiT THE preparation and application of the Bordeaux spray is one of the disagree- able sprays that the growers have and to save time and patience, materials and meth- ods for its preparation should be as con- venient as possiljle. For large orchards per- haps the most convenient plan is to have two elevated tanics at such a height that their contents can be run into the spray tanks where the lime can be slacked and the to fill quickly. The arrangement necessi- tates a platform level with the top of the tanks where the lime can be slaked and the vitriol dissolved in other tanks or barrels and then easily run off into the tanks for the diluted solutions. Where two machines are at work, one man can be employed con- 'stantly mixing and making ready the solu- tions, so that all the sprayers have to do is ;to drive under the pipes and run an equal iamount of the lime and vitriol water into the tanks with the agitators running. For the small orchard the equipment need not be so extensive and as the most trouble comes in the proper preparation of the lime this operation should have careful attention. Much time can be saved if a large mortar box is provided in which a considerable amount of lime can be slacked at once. The amount will depend on the size of the orchard and will be from one to four or more barrels, according to the amount used in a day. The box will have to be built to suit the amount of lime needed and should be large enough so that the mortar will not be over 8 or 10 inches deep. Plenty of water should be used and care taken that the lime is not burned. If two or more barrels are to be slacked it should not all be slacked at once as a smaller amount can be better stirred. The box should be set level and the number of pounds of lime used should be known. After the lime is thoroughly slacked, which will not be in less than a week, the surplus water can be drained off and the mortar checked off into squares so that each block will represent the number of pounds of September. 1921 lime required to make a tank of spray. The best grade of lime should be used, and if slacked several days ahead of time, all par- ticles will be slacked down to a paste and be easily put through the strainer into the tank. In mixing the vitriol and lime water THE DICK SMITH NAIL STRIPPER SELF-FEEDING ADJUSTABLE FOR 2d TO loa NAILS This stripper is a reve- lation in rapidly stripping, or heading nails, and is, without question, the great- est help to the practical box maker. It is intended to be used in handling naiU from 2d to lOd. One of the great advant- ages of the SMITH is its adjustable feature. By the adjustment of thumb screws the stripper can accommo- date nails from 2d to I Od equally well. When not in use, it can be closed like a small suit case, measuring 5 by I by 19 inches, and weighing but I pounds. Ask your local dealer for a demonstration or w^rite DICK SMITH Sole Manufacturer 91J W. 37t]i PI. Los Anpclcs r?! ^ejienUMf' , . the dominating ieature of Caterpillar'Tractors *HOLT MANUFACTURING COMPANY Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois Loa AngeUa, Cat. Spokane, Wash. San Franchco, Cat. September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 the .lime should be put into the t.ink lirst unless both can be run together. The tank should be then well filled with water be- 'fore the vitriol water is added. The agi- tator sfiould run continuously while the t.mk is being filled and until it is sprayed out. The vitriol water should be stirred before being put into the tank, as the strongest solution is always at the bottom of the barrel. The Value of Fairs TT'AIRS will pLay a more important part -^ in an industrial way in the Northwest this year than formerly. The value of community, county, state and interstate fairs as an asset to both the business man and producer is gaining wider recognition and those communities which will not hold fairs or an exhibition of some kind this year are planning something of the kind in future. This awakened interest in fairs is of great importance in the industrial life of community, county and state as it indi- cates active public spirit and enterprise. It stimulates better production of orchard, farm and garden produce, engenders com- munity spirit and advertises the superioritv of certain sections to produce certain prod- ucts, as well as those who produced them. To dispose of farm products as well as manufactured goods to the best advantage, they must be talked about. The fair pro- vides the best medium for this purpose. The e.xcellcnce of community products and the special lines in which various indivi- duals excel are brought out and the bene- fits that are attained are many fold. In holding a fair it should be advertised extensively. This should be done by a well organized publicity committee which should leave no stone unturned to create interest in the forthcoming event. A Valuable Book "The Commercial Apple Industry of North America" Published by the Macmillan Com- pany is a new book covering all phases of the Apple Growing Industry that Better Fruit highly recommends to apple growers or those who contem- plate engaging in this occupation. Its authors are J. C. Folger, Assistant Secretary International Apple Ship- pers' Association and S. M. Thomp- son, formerly Fruit Crop Specialist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. It is edited by L. H. Bailey, the well known authority on horticulture. If you arc interested in obtaining a copy of this valuable book send us $3.50 and we will have same for- warded to you. Remit by postoffice money order or check to Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets Portland, Oregon ^ ^ One-ManTmc-tor t^\-^ A fl ^ o" ° The SmdHest %<2Trdcbr and Bi0Qe5l' Smaff Trdchr made npHE Oldsmar Tractor is built to -*- meet both the purse and purpose of the progressive farmer on a small farm. Designed and manufactured by R. E. Olds, famous in the automotive indus- try, the Oldsmar is the all-season, all purpose tractor. It will plow, disc, harrow and cultivate; run an electric plant, cream separator, churn or other farm equipment. It's powerful enough for hard work and economical enough for light work. And it stands the "gaff." Consider the price of the Oldsmar, $460. Then make your comparisons with all other tractors offered. Your territory may be open, Mr. Dealer. Every small farm's a prospect. Any farm can support an Oldsmar; any farmer can afford it. Write today for catalog, information and terms. O. V. Badley Co. -4E:5 East Morrison Street PORTLAND OREGON "C* "13 "C* "C* An Empire Plow free to the first person buying an Ol'.lsniar Tractor M. JIV M-4 Lj in each community. lion's fail to see this tractor on demonstration at the OREGON STATE FAIR, Salem, Oregon, September 26 to October 1. MULTNOMAH COUNTY FAIR GRESHAM, OREGON, SEPTEMBER 19-24 ■, ro \ Frost Insurance \\SCHEU,w,, $1.1,^ per hour per acre "Used 27 Scheu Heaters to acre on the night of April 25, 1921 — temperature out- side of orchard 23= raised to 30 and 31° inside. I have a full crop in area covered by the heaters," writes W. C. Stone, Prop. Squaw Butte Orchards, Emmett, Idaho. Scheu Smokeless and Canco Heaters Give positive iirntectioQ. Operating cost $1.15 per acre per hour. TempiTatiire as low as lf>° successfully raised above danger point. I'sed by growers tlie country over. More than a million Scheu and Canco heaters now In use. Heaters cost 36c n|i. Order early to get frost protection next spring. Write for free 48 page boolc — "Frost Insur- ance." Resident aoents wanted. Orchard Heater Dept. C WHITING-IVIEAD COM'L. CO., LOS ANGELES |CANCOjJ Page 16 BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets PORTLAND, OREGON W. H. WALTON Editor JERROLD OWEN Associate Editor C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES A. II. BILLINGSLEA No. 1 Madison .\ venue. New York J. C. BILLINGSLEA Advertising Bldg., Chicago SAN FRANCISCO REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN C. WILLIAMS Ilobart Bldg.. San Francises STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento- mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- man. COLORADO— C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento- mologist; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA— F. J. Crider, Horticulturist, Tuscon. MONTANA— H. Thornber, Victor CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- gist. Berkeley; W. H. V'olck. Entomologist, Watsonville : Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Riverside. INDIANA — II. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application. Agricultural Credits More adequate farm credits, lower freight rates, deflation of labor costs, reduction in prices to the consumer and a more equitable adjustment of the tax burden were recently pointed out by Charles E. Gunnels, treasurer of the American Farm Bureau Federation as the foremost problems that must be solved to secure a proper return to normalcy. We agree with Mr. Gunnels that the problems enum- erated are among the most import- ant that must be adjusted to bring economic prosperity and stability. Action, however, that has or will be taken is expected to bring relief along these lines, with the excep- tion of providing a permanent and more expansive form of agricul- tural credits. While the relief bill to aid the farmer in the matter of credits re- cently passed by congress should prove highly beneficial its provi- sions do not make it part of the permanent banking institutions of the country. What the agriculturists of the country need is an expansion of the operations of the credit provisions ot the I'^cderal Reserve banking system. It is to the bank that the farmer or the fruit grower turns and will turn when he is in need of credit. Why then should it not be made available to him through the nearest and most convenient source.'' Representing more than one- third of the wealth of the nation and estimated as an 80 billion dol- lar industry, the Federal Reserve reports show that less than 30 mil- lion dollars worth of agricultural paper was handled by this big bank- ing system in 1920. Why.? Be- cause the provisions of the Reserve Banking system surrounding the extension of credit to agriculture are too stringent and cumbersome. Congress has enacted special leg- islation to give the agricultural producer credit relief. Why not, therefore, have the provisions of this measure incorporated as part of the Federal Reserve Banking act. Instead of making the aid of this powerful financial agency so diffi- cult for agriculture to reach why not bring it nearer to the industry that constitutes the strongest pillar in its structure.? Optimism It takes considerable courage to look a financial slump in the face and smile. A quitter cannot. A winner always does. Not tha: the situation is not just as serious for him. Possibly the smile is no deeper than the surface. He may really believe the financial wound to be mortal, but if he meets it with the grim determination that smiles and will not admit defeat, even when it appears a reality, he has within him a reserve power which may pull him out of the hole. The fatalist who looks upon bad luck as foreordained and believes good fortune will come only if the powers so will it, is not a successful man. He lacks the very germ from which success springs. It is not optimism to don a sillv grin, meet every excuse with the vacant comment, "Well, it can't get much worse!" and sit down to wait for something better or worse to happen. The true optimist is he who be- lieves in himself, refuses to give up, and when ill fortune visits him, rolls up his shirt-sleeves, takes a hitch in his belt, smiles grimly, and plunges into the task ahead determined to blaze a path out of his difficulties. An object lesson to the fruit grower who may become discour- aged and decide to throw up the sponge is the brief story of an Ore- gon apple grower, who last fall, lost faith and tried to sell his or- chard property including his home and all he possessed for $19,000. Unable to do so he was forced to hang on and this year sold the ap- ple crop on his place for $28,000 or $9,000 more than the valuation he had placed on it last year. The fruit grower who neglects his trees or sells his orchard because of one unprofitable year, will never be successful in any endeavor. But the fruit man who sees the tremen- dous possibilities in the industry in the Pacific Northwest and recog- nizes the readjustment period as a financial stomach-ache which can- not last long and which may leave matters in a more sound condition than before the attack, will be the successful grower of the future. Our Markets Abroad While a tariff^ on fruits will aid the American producer in remov- ing foreign competition and raising prices, the schedule should not be made so high and so sweeping as to cause a restriction in the sale of our products abroad. It should be re- membered that the United States produces a surplus of most agricul- tural products and to market them successfully it must have outlets abroad. To secure the best results the part of wisdom will be to adopt a give and take policy rather than erecting a tariff wall so high that producers in foreign countries will be cut off from an income that they would spend in buying Amer- ican products. In short, to prosper ourselves, we must, to some extent, allow our competitors to prosper also. Septemher, 1921 Northwest Fruit Fair Organized THE Pacific Northwest Fruit Exposi- tion, a project for the purpose of more widely advertising and distributing the fruits of the Northwest was organized dur- ing the past month in Seattle and will be in- corporated under the Washington state laws providing for agricultural fairs. The ex- position will be held in the Seattle Port Commission's Bell street terminal in No- vember. Exhibits will be solicited from the various fruitgrowing districts of the Northwest and a program prepared which will include lectures to growers by experts in horticulture, packing, transportation and other features of interest. The officers of the new organization are: J. A. Gellatly, Wenatchec, president; E. H. Pride, Bellingham, vice-president; O. C. Soots of Yakima, executive secretary. The board of governors named includes the following: S. J. Harrison, Benton; William Greig, Cashmere; John W. Langdon, Walla Walla; M. J. Newhouse, Vancouver, Wash.; C. I. Lewis, Salem, Ore.; W. H. P.aulh.i- nius, Sumner; W. C. Mumaw, Aberdeen; F. B. Wright, Everett; George W. Dilling and R. H. Parsons, Seattle; R. T. Reid, Bellview; H. M. Gilbert, Yakima; R. O. Kylen, Zillah; Farwell Morris, Grandview; W. P. Romans, Spokane; Paul H. Wey- rauch, Walla Walla; A. W. Stone, Hood River; J. R. Everett, Okanogan; Geo. W. Lcc, Omak. BETTER FRUIT Page 17 Pond's Centipede Ladder f^S Ask your implement dealer to showr you the latest invention in lad- ders for use in high trees. Made of iron. Oak and clear Douglas fir. Tall, strong, light weight, rigid, stable and rea- sonably priced, the last word in ladder efficien- cy. In tall trees it virill ;ut your picking costs in half. Descriptive circu- lar on request. Ask your dealer for a demonstration. RUSSELL G. POND (Forest Engineer) Inventor and Shipper of Pond Products I'arkdale. Hood River, Ore. Make YOUR Idle Acres Yield Profitable Crops Make These Idle Acres Work for YOU! EVERY farm has its busy acres yielding profitable crops and its idle acres where stumps, boulders and swamps produce only expensive tax bills. Progressive farmers are adding year by year to their profit-paying acres by reclaiming their idle waste land through the use of ME STUMPING POWDERS Every '"stick" is of uniform quality and the best results are assured because these powders are made especially to meet the needs of land-clearing in this section. Bear in mind an acre cleared or drained adds a permanent income to your farm business. Send for a free copy of book entitled "Development of Logged-ofT Lands" telling how to use explosives for land clearing, ditching and tree-planting. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., Inc. Portland, Ore., Seattle, Wash., Spokane, Wash. Orchard for Sale! 23'/2 Acres in beautiful White Salmon Valley, Washington, 3 miles from town. I 3 Acres in Yellow Newtowns and Spitzen- bergs, 12 and 14 years old, with proper pollenizers. Fine home orchard of 40 trees — every variety of fruit which will grow in the locality. Fine spring just east of the place, with flow enough to supply several places. Price $4.000.00 — reasonable terms for quick sale. Address C. I. M. care BETTER FRUIT Page IS Advertising Northwest Apples Planned A MO\EMl''.N'r that has been under "^ way for some time by leaders in apple marketing to advertise Northwest apples re- gardless of brand has been launched and is expected to take definite shape shortly. The plan that it is hoped will be worked out is to have enough apple handling agen- cies and organizations in the Northwest get together and appropriate one cent a box this fall so that a substantial fund can be raised to ad\crtise the superiority of North- west apples during the heavy buying sea- son this year. It is believed by the commit- tee which has the campaign in charge that with a light apple crop in the East the time was never more opportune to advertise box apples and create new markets in territory heretofore untouched. Should a sufficient fund be raised to carry out the work it is planned to use a system of advertising that will not only direct the attention of the public to the better quality of box apples, 'but educate it to the fact that fruit is not a luxury, but a food. BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 Apples shipped from the Pacific-North- west have a wider distribution than any other commodity shipped from one section. Reports to the United States Department pi Agriculture from public carriers for the last five years show that 2,567 cities were ,used as primary destinations. Telegraphic reports from railroads during the season of 1919-20 showed that .about 1,400 cities received carlot shipments from the Pacific- Northwest. xwrs For Fall Fertilizing NITRATE OF SODA 15 percent Ammonia SULFATE of AMMONIA 25 per cent Ammonia New Supplies New Prices We recommend Sulfate of Ammonia as furnish- ing' a better and cheaper form of Ammonia. Write for prices on car lots or less to Ijm SEATTLE •'WENATCHEE' FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PICKING BAG (Carpenter's Patent) Made of heavy canvas, reinforced with leather, stitched with waxed harness thread, to a steel frame. Halter webb carries the load from the shoulders as suspenders. These patented features make it so popular, serviceable, practical and labor-saving. Send for Sample, $2.50 Postpaid. Special Prices to Quantity Buyer* C. A. CARPENTER 3837 35ih Ave. S. W. SEATTLE, WASH. Also write the Manufacturers and Distributors SCHEFFER & ROSSUM CO. ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA Buy a pipe — and some P. A. Get the joy that's due you! We print it right here that if you don't know the "feel" and the friendship of a joy'us jimmy pipe —GO GET ONE! And — get some Prince Albert and bang a howdy- do on the big smoke-gong! For Prince Albert's quality — flavor — coolness — fragrance — is in a class of its own! You never tasted such tobacco! Why — figure out what it alone means to your tongue and temper when we tell you that Prince Albert can't bite, can't parch! Our exclusive pat- ented process fixes that! Prince Albert is a revelation in a makin's cigarette! It rolls easily and stays put because it's crimp cut! Oh, go on! Get the papers or a pipe — and some P. A.! Prince Albert is sold in toppy red bagSf tidy red tins, handsome pound and half pound tin humidors and in the pound crystal glass humidor wit h sponge moistener top. ] 1>R1NCE Copyright 1921 by R. J. Reynolds Tobaren Co. Wlnstoti-Salem.N. C. the national joy smoke Albert September, 1921 Making Box Apples Safe {Coul'niiieil fro??! fage- 7) heavy apple boxes properly nailed. Good boxes and undamaged fruit will always bring better prices, which justifies the slight care and expense in starting ship- ments right. Hood River district of Oregon this year will have about 2,000,000 boxes of apple?. Walla Walla shippers and the Yakima dis- trict of Washington will use about 1 2,- 000,000 boxes and the Wenatchee Valley around 12,000,000. The Inland Empire shippers will handle .about 5,000,000, which is less than normal for that section. The Underwood-White Salmon district and the rest of Washington are figured as re- quiring about 1,000,000 boxes this year. BEST SERVICE - QUALITY d PRICES PERFECTION IN BETTER FRUIT Fage 19 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BA^K mOG. PORTLAN O.OREGON. E.Shelley Mgrg.an NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY-AND CAM bW.P IN 2^ HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, APPLES.CHERRIES & stRAW3ERRir.5.- "Always At Your Service' Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: LADDERS BOX PRESSES PACKING CHAIRS BOX-MAKING BENCHES and AUTOMATIC ELEVATORS all GRAVITY & POWER CONVEYOR kinds POTATO GRADERS AND SIZERS of PRICE FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Special NELSON FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Equipment PRICE "PRICE PRODUCTS" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse. Illustrated Booklets and Price List on Request Fruit Appliance Company Successors to Price Manufacturing Company, Inc. YAKIMA, WASHINGTON SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Atjencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Address SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Page 20 BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 Picking for Flavor {Cont'iinicil from fage 9) hand, if the season is unusually short and the fruit does not have time to develop fully, the acid content, which naturally de- creases through all the stages of develop- ment, will be high. While the time of picking fruit for flavor may not always agree with the time for maximum keeping quality, yet in most cases the two should be considered together. The greater percentage of apples are held in storage, or at least under storage condi- tions, for periods of varying lengths. Some may only be held a few weeks, while others are kept from one year to the next. In either case the keeping quality will be reflected in the flavor of the fruit. Storage troubles may be divided into those which aff'ect the external appearance of the fruit, generally spoken of as skin blemishes and those that injure the flesh, known as decay. The most important skin blemishes are the ordinary and soft scalds and the Jona- than spot. The decays include the physio- logical or natural decay, and the various fungus or bacterial decays. Scald is the most prevalent and is recognized by the familiar characteristic browning of the skin. While in the case of ordinary scald this does not extend into the flesh, it greatly lessens the commercial value, and in cases where the scald is serious it m.iy weaken the skin to such an extent that complete physiologi- cal decay may result. While affecting Jon- athans principally, Jonathan spot is one of the most important skin blemishes. It first appears as small round, brown or black spots about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, or in some cases simply as indis- tinct, very dark red to black splotches. In later stages these spots may enlarge some- what and become slightly sunken. {To he concluded in October mimher) Decrease in Number of Fruit Trees A RECENT bulletin of the United States Census Bureau shows that the Pacific Coast is the only section of the country that has had an increase in the number of bearing apple trees during the ten years between 1910 and 1920. During this period the number of bearing trees in the coast states has nearlv doubled in num- MAKE YOUR SOIL YIELD MORE. USE TORO BRAND Tills li.'i^ increased crops up to 500 per cent. It prevents wire worms, smutty grain and potato scab. For Lime-Sulphur Solution use DIAMOND ■'S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHLIR. For dry dusting use ANCHOR BRAND VELVET FLOWERS OF SULPHUR. Against rodents use CARBON BISULPHIDE. Write for circulars 6, 7 and 8, price list and samples. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. 624 California Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. ber. The bulletin also shows that there are not one-third as many young apple trees that are not in full bearing as there were ten years ago. These figures indicate that although the Pacific Coast states lead the country in the increase in the number of I A Banking Service for i I the Horticulturist | g A complete banking ^ g service is offered you g g through our various de- g = partments. g g Our officers welcome g g the opportunity of ad- g g vising you how best to | g use these departments. g g Or a little booklet out- g g lining the functions of g = each department may g = be had from the tellers g g upon request. g I The I I First National Bank | g OF PORTLAND, OREGON g ^ The first national bank west of the g = Rocky Mountains = Orchard Queen Cider Mill 100% JUICE It doesn't crush the apples, but grates or grinds them, breaking the juice cells so that when the pomace is pressed in the sani- tary cloth sacks, all of the juice is ex- tracted. Orchard Queen is the simplest, easiest operated, cleanliest and most efficient of cider mills. No metal in cylinder or hop- per to discolor juice. Operated by hand or power. Made in two sizes. Our folder explains in detail the construction and operation of the Orchard Queen Mill. Write for it. PufTer-Hubbard Manufacturing Co. 3203 East 26th St. Minneapolis, Minn. ^m:%TYyw%^ self-oiling n I LKa POWER PUMPS For General Service in the Home or on the Farm Modernize your home and farm — have plenty of running water wherever and whenever needed — install a MYERS SELF- OILING BULLDOZER POWER PUMP — the only pump manufactured today with covered working parts, a perfect system of self-lubrication, extra large valves, unrestricted waters ways, improved rtiethod of power application and other refinements which provide a standard of pumpr ing service unequalled by old style pumps with exposed gears and antiquated oiling systems. Fill the reservoir of a Myers Self-Oiling Pump occasionally with any good lubricating oil and for weeks it will require no further attention. ~ feet lubrication, enclosed working parts and other improvements permit operation at high speed or against heavy pressure greatly increase the capacity, minimize wear and breakage, prevent accidents, and insure economical, long time service. Sizes and styles for shallow or deep wells. Capacities from 500 to 9000 gallons per hour. Operation by motor, gasoline engine or other power Write for literature, or ask your dealer. jL4:U3|;kf^:J:I«Ml^ ORANGE STI IMJ Pacific Northwest Distributors Spokane, Wash. Portland, Oregon BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEAI.ER September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page '21 apple trees coming into bearing that the maximum planting of trees reached its peak ten years ago and has declined each year since. According to the census figures the de- crease in the number of bearing apple trees in the United States during the past de- cade has been 36,057,811 or 28.8 per cent, and the decrease in the number of young trees not yet of bearing age has been 4-5 per cent. The number of bearing peach trees during this same period decreased 28,- 881,736, or 30.5 per cent. Packing House Needs {Contiiiiteil jrotti fdge 9) lem. Those who contemplate the construc- tion of new houses or desire to improve their equipment and methods of operation may secure copies of the bulletin and addi- tional information upon application to the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A CORRECTION 'T'HROUGH a typographical error the price of a pair of the box handles which are being put out by the Box Handle Company of Seattle, Wash., was made to read $3.50 In one place in their adv., in the August issue and $5.00 in another. The correct price in both instances should have re.id $3.50. Lithographers Color Printers Labels Ckrtons Folding Boxes e\it Outs Display Gards SpeeialAdvertsing Stiff Boxes Plain and Fan s^v*-^^ THE OLD WAY; THE NEW The Box Handle Company of 800 First Avenue, South, Seattle, Washington has become a benefactor to the orchard man, the packer, the expressman, the produce man, and all others who handle boxes. The man who w^orks in the orchard can only pick up one box at a time and it is some strain to pick the box up from the ground. With a pair of handles he picks up two boxes and carries them with ease. He is not half so tired when aight comes, and. does as much work as two men, which cuts your labor down. The apple season is short at the best. You don't lose any apples out of the box by using the handles. You get a better percentage of packing because the apples are not bruised by using box handles. This handle will lift any size box from 1 5 to 22 inches long. Every rancher who owns a ranch from 10 to 50 acres should have from 1 to 1 2 pairs of handles. Your stomach won't be sore or your back lame when night comes if you will use the box handles. The prices are $2.00 for one handle or $3.50 for a pair. After you have used a pair for one day, you wouldn't take $20.00 for theni if you couldn't get another pair. Don't let this opportunity get away. Buy now. Send us $3.50 and let us send you one pair by Parcel Post. We feel satisfied that you will buy more if you need them. The Box Handle Company 800 First Avenue, South SEATTLE. WASH. Page 22 BETTER FRUIT Sej}ter7iber, 1921 Northwest Notes From Here and There "PlOUGLAS county will be the banner section in •^ Willamette valley this year in the produc- tion of dried prunes, according to official esti- mates. The output in Douglas county is placed at 7,500,000 pounds. The Polk county output is given at 2,000,000 pounds; IVlarion county, I,- 500,000 pounds; Yamhill county, 2,500,000 pounds; Lane county, 1,500,000 pounds. Uma- tilla county, with an estimated output of 2,- 000,000 pounds, for the first time becomes a larger factor in the dried prune market this year than several of the Western Oregon prune-pro- ducing counties. The total production of dried prunes in Oregon this year is estimated by F. L. Kent, statistician of the U. S. Bureau of Mar- kets, to be 21,610,000 pounds or less than one- half of the tonnage forecasted early in the season. AAA i~\UTSIDE of Hood River county the largest ^-^ apple crop that will be produced this year will come from Jackson county which will ship 900 cars. Jackson county will lead the state in pear production with an estimated shipment of 4,500 tons for the season. AAA ■pSTIMATES made by the fruit growers of the Calapooia River valley arc to the effect that before the season closes 450,000 pounds of ber- ries will have been produced in that section. These figures do not include the large quantity of berries appropriated for family use. Two hun- dred and twenty-five tons of the berries were shipped to the cannery at Eugene. AAA "W/^ITH the increase in apple production in the " Hood River valley the Apple Growers' Asso- ciation has found it necessary to add to its ware- liouse capacity and is building storage houses at Odell and Dee. The new structure at Odell will be one story high, 130x60 feet. It will be built of tile and will cost $11,000. The Dee plant, which will be constructed of wood, will be 120x50 ■ feet and cost $8,000. AAA At $+0 a ton prune growers in the Ontario ^^ district of Eastern Oregon have made seT- eral contracts and state that they are satisfied with this price. Limited apple sales that have taken place in this district show prices of $40 to $75 a ton with Delicious showing the highest quota- tion. AAA i~^NE of the largest peach crops produced in ^-^ Oregon this year was raised in the orchard of Alex LaFollette, in Marion county. The output from the LaFollette orchards was 12,000 boxes, which sold for an average of $1 per box.. Two years ago the crop of peaches from the La- Follette orchards totalled 18,000 boxes. It is one of the few large peach orchards in the state that was not injured to any extent by the 1919 freeze. Oregon or Italian Prunes From the Red Hill Orchard for Sale Non-Irrigated 40-505 @ lO^c per lb., 50-60s @ 9c., 60-70S @ 8c, 80-90S @ 6c Processed in 25 lb. boxes or in 100 lb. sacks, f. o. b. Salem. Edward Dencer Grower and Packer Route 3. Box 158 Phone 88F2 SALEM, OREGON 'T'OTAL production figures for the loganberry season which recently closed in the Willamette valley are 53,000 tons or 10,600,000 pounds. The output in 1920 was 7,800,000 pounds, the in- crease this year being due to a much larger acre- age coming into bearing and heavier yields. Tlie value of this year's loganberry crop in the Willamette valley is placed at $325,000. In commenting on the increase in the loganberry tonnage in the Willamette valley and average prices extending over a period of six years Fred G. Schmidt of the Northwest Fruit Products Com- pany of Salem, says that tlie average price re- ceived by growers since 1915 is about 5/^ cents a pound. Mr. Schmidt points out that in 1915 the average price was 1 >}4 cents a pound; in 1916, 3 cents a pound; in 1917, 3^ cents a pound and in 1918, 5 cents a pound. In 1919 the price took a pronounced jump to 9 cents a pound, and in 1920 reached Its highest mark at 13 cents. This year the average price ran about 3/4 cents a pound. A Oregon*s Higher Institution of TECHNOL Eight Schools; Seventy Departments FALL TERM OPENS SEPT. 19, 1921 For information write to the Registrar Oregon Agricultural College CORVALLIS University of Oregon CONTAINS: The College of Literature, Science and the Arts. The School of Architecture and Allied Arts. The School of Business Administration. The School of Education. The Extension Division. The Graduate School. The School of Jouinalism. The School of Law. The School of Medicine. The School of Music. The School of Physical Education. The School of Sociology. Fall Term Opens September 26 A high standard of cultural and professional scholarship has become one of the outstanding tnarhs of (he State University. For a catalogue. folders on the various schools, or for any information, write THE REGISTRAR. UN1\'ERSITY OF OREGON. Eugene. Ore. Musical Merchandise Write Us WE SAVE YOU MONEY! W. Martius Music House, Inc. 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington Everything Known in Music SHEET MUSIC Write U. Sepiemher, 19"21 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 \ N apple crop worth $600,000 In Union county "^ is the present estimate following a careful inspection in the various apple belts of the county made by men familiar with crop conditions in that section. The crop, which is reported to be of fine quality will total 500 cars. AAA WASHINGTON "T.XRL S. COE and Fred Baker, White Salmon orchardists, have entered the apple marketing business and have begun the construction of a warehouse. An estimate of the apple production in the districts in which they will operate this year gives the following output: Goldendale, 50 cars; Lyle, 100 cars; White Salmon, 400 cars, and Underwood, 275 cars. AAA 'T'HE North Pacific Co-operative Berry Growers, an organization representing the communities in Kitsap county, Bainbridge Islands, Ollala, Jef- ferson county. Grays Harbor, Sunnyside, Snolio- mish and Pacific counties has been formed for the purpose of marketing the berry output from a large acreage In Western Washington. The pur- pose of the organization is said not to be ob- taining a higher price from the consumer, but to facilitate distribution. AAA T^O provide facilities for handling more than 150,000 boxes of apples through the Dryden unit of the Wenatchee District Co-operative Asso- ciation a modern frost proof brick warehouse, two stories high, will be built immediately upon a site along the Great Northern railway track at a cost of $25,000. The destruction of the Bohlkc Fruit Company's warehouse by fire last February left Dryden without adequate storage and loading fa- cilities. The new warehouse will be designed for the rapid handling of fruit, both in receiving and shipping. AAA A PPLE growers of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company arc amply protected In the matter of boxes for their tonnage this season, according to Charles J. Webb, assistant manager of the company. Because of the abnormally heavy crop In the Northwest this year, the box situation is causing some of the organizations and many of the growers considerable anxiety. With an esti- mated Northwestern crop of 40,000 cars of ap- ples, 750 boxes to the car, the 1921 apples will require 30,000,000 boxes. Where the box supply was not contracted for early in the season diffi- culty may be experienced later in securing enough. AAA Packers of pears and apples In the Yakima district win receive five cents a box for the season of 1921, instead of six cents, the prevail- ing wage last year, according to a statement is- sued by the Yakima Fruit Growers' Association. AAA 'T'HROUGH the agency of the Washington Berry Growers' .Association, growers of Sum- ner and the Puyallup valley have marketed this season 145 cars of fresh berries, more than 75 per cent of which have been placed on the market as far east as Minneapolis, according to F. H. Krug, sales manager for the association. Ap- Apples, Pears, Peaches Potatoes, Onions and all kinds of Fruit and Produce Bought for Cash.. Address us as to what you have to offer. WILLEY FRUIT CO., Inc. 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Ore. L^chwlti mm mxm LITHO of lervice "-^lofnesmaRe /mman '£elsmafe ^/le can '' Let us dress yourSilent Salesman'' to sell your product Schmidt Lithograph Cq los angeles^fresno Sacramento" Honolulu "MANILA" SAN FRANCISCO r^i I35S !sa SERVICE w^m mm The Value of An Apple depends greatly on its appearance. When Nature has done her part, giving size, color and shape to your fruit, do not lessen your profit by use of imperfect picking devices, which may bruise or mar the fruit's appearance, when you can buy A Portland Picking Bag Designed to afford safety to your fruit from tree to box. Price $2.00 Each THE HARDIE MFG. CO. 55 North Front St., Portland, Ore. Portland Picking Bag 222 Los Angeles St., Los Angeles, Cal. Page 24 BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 proximately 4-5 cars of fresh berries have been sold In Chicago, where for the first time in the history of the valley berry business Chicago has been cultivated as a market rather than a dumping ground for excess shipments, according to Mr. Krug. IDAHO A LARGE portion of the apple crop at Frult- ■^ land is reported to be already in the hands of buyers at profitable figures to the grower. As an instance of the prices being paid for apples at Fruitland this year one sale is reported of $28,000 for the fruit from an orchard property that last year was offered for sale at $19,000, Including land, improvements and water rights. The apple crop at Fruitland is estimated this year at 1,200 cars and is expected to bring to growers nearly $2,000,000. AAA "C* F. STEPHENS, owner of extensive orchards "^* near Nampa, reports that he has contracted a large part of his apple crop to be shipped In bulk at $60 a ton and will receive $1.65 for the por- tion of It that will be shipped in baskets. The crop from the Stephens orchards this year will total 35,000 to 40,000 bushels. AAA At Twin Falls the apple crop is estimated to be "^ 50 per cent better than it was in 1920. The shipment this year is expected to be 500 cars and the orchards having been well cared for, the quality of the fruit Is reported to be of tiic finest. AAA MONTANA \\/lTH the completion of its new warehouse at " Hamilton, the Equity Association is in shape to handle 100,000 boxes of apples this year, ac- cording to Manager O. M. Gerer. Last year the association handled 85,000 boxes. The new ware- house will be equipped with two Cutler graders and a system of gravity conveyers that will take the apples from the growers' wagons and finally deliver them in the railway cars. Apple growers at Hamilton, which is largely the center of the apple industry of the Bitter Root valley, are reported to be In close touch with the buyers and indications point to a higher range of prices than were re- ceived last year. Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" Frfr Sale by Leading Dealers Everywhere See our big display of ladders, pruning equipment and other orchard supplies at OREGON STATE FAIR Salem, Oregon Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON Oregon State Fair SALEM September 26 to October I A Wealth of Agricultural Displays Magnificent Livestock Exhibition Complete Machinery and Tractor Exhibit Splendid Night Horse Show Superb Speed Program High Claiss Amusements Special Attractions Both Day and Night Free Camp Grounds Excursion Rates on All Railroads For Further Particulars Write A. H. LEA, Manager, Salem, Oregon Q4t Service Station and Garages (_Ai service stations and garages everywhere you can get "Red Crown," the all-refinery gasoline with a continuous chain of boiling points — insuring ready starting, rapid acceleration and tnaxitnum power. Look for the Red Crown sign before you fill. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 Sykes' Service Bulletin Vol.1 Portland, Oregon, September, 1921 No. 1 What Sells Apples? In the August Blue Goose News, the New York minager of the American Fruit Growers, Inc., makes special mention of the fact that CONDITION of the fruit upon arrival, APPEARANCE of the fruit, and particularly of the package, play an important part in determining the selling price. It is the EYE which brings the first fa- p vorable or unfavor.able impression. |fj Rich red-faced Northwestern ap- ples smile right into your face when you open a box packed under the "Sykes System." All of the good- ness of the fruit is apparent to the EYE — of course if YOUR fruit is inferior it might be well for you to continue to cover it as in the past with a white news wrap, although you are not improving its condition. The RECORDS show that apples packed with Sykes Safety Separator Wraps not only come out of storage in BETTER CONDITION than fruit wrapped in the ordinary way, but SELL BETTER, for they have the requisite APPEAR.^NCE. The salesman can DRESS up 3 box of Syked fruit quicker and better than where any other wrap is used. THAT means better average prices. If you DOUBT this in any way make us PROVE it — we can. The canneries DEMANDED a rebate upon both and THIS season REQUIRED that all fruit shipped them he Syked. Certainly there must be a RE.\SON — the fruit car- ried perfectly. Have YOU a car or so of cannery pears yet to move? Why not TEST it out for yourself — if you DO you will use Sykes ALWAYS in the future. apples >. Sykes System does NOT smother fresh figs. You have SEEN that the Sykes Wraps CARRY fresh figs safely. Just figure how much MORE valuable is a car of fresh figs than a car of apples. BIG VICTORY IN FIGS George Sykes, the inventor of the Sykes .System of fruit packing, was called to Fresno, Calif., early this season by the fig growers' organization and requested to invent a special wrap, by the use of which FRESH FIGS might be marketed in the Eastern markets. The Sykes Fig Wrap resulted after many tests. Of course, every one was skeptical — fresh figs had never carried successfully under any system evolved by the experts. The Associated Press, under date of June 28, told the wonderful story of the arrival of the FIRST C.\R of FRESH FIGS ever seen in Chicago. On the auction block the 1188 packages (6 lbs.), averaged $1.81; the remainder of the car a few days later in New York sold for $2.70 package average. General Manager Niswander said: "The price (Chicago sale) is remarkably satisfactory — it is really higher than we had anticipated." The Asso- ciated Press report said; "Owing to the perish- able nature of the fruit its sale this far East has NEVER BEFORE been attempted. The figs stood the trip well and were reported as hav- ing retained their flavor." Other shipments arc now being made from the late crop with most satisfying results. Do you wonder why the name Sykes is now widely known in the Fresno district? Just stop and REASON this little point out — ^WHY do you SMOTHER an apple with a close, tight wrap? Are figs any LESS perishable than "SYKEING" CALIFORNIA ORANGES Here is a nut to crack which will interest YOU. It may cause you to FIND more real profits in your apples this season. Last May the Sykes Orange Safety Separator Wrap was introduced into California. Each packing house foreman was asked to put the wrap under the most severe tests. An ex- perienced orange packer demonstrated the pack and continuously visited each house until EVERY packer knew the system. One house after another tried the new separator wrap in a small way, then on a larger scale, and finally a number ADOPTED it for THIS season's pack. It takes 83 wraps to pack a box of oranges. During June Southern California orange houses USED 460,000 wraps; in July, 650,000, and in August the total reached 1,340,000. The INCREASE came largely from REPEAT or- ders. The season's total shows NOW some- thing over 3,000,000 wraps used THIS season. What's the answer? The RIGHT w.ay to pack oranges is NOT to smother them. The RIGHT way to pack apples is NOT to SMOTHER them. If NATURE had intended that fruit should be SMOTHERED she would have pro- vided a second coat or hide. Fruit REQUIRES oxygen, for fruit surely breathes. M.ike your own tests — put an apple in a dark desk drawer and lay another on top of the desk; examine both at the end of a week or so — that OUGHT to POINT THE WAY. SPECIAL WRAP FOR EACH FRUIT An orange has one kind of hide or skin, an apple another and a pear still another. You can go on down the list of prunes, plums, figs and so on. Each has its own type of skin. Is it LOGICAL that the SAME wrap which has been used for time immemorial should be ADAPTED to ALL kinds of fruit? The meat in the cocoanut in the Sykes Sys- tem is that EACH variety of fruit has had its own SPECIAL type of wrap designed for it and it alone. This has been done by an expert fruit packer, who has experimented for years along scientific lines — YOU get the benefit of his many years' work — and at no cost to you. MAY WE SEND YOU PROOFS? We have on file a number of recent letters which so fully PROVE all the claims made for the Sykes System that any argument is out of the question-. We will deem it a privilege to mail you copies of these letters along with sam- ples of any type of wrap you may be interested in. Don't take our word for it, but SEE what the other fellow has found out for himself. We are NOT making any point of the SAV- ING in COST of PACKING — you will quickly discover WHERE the Sykes wrap means a PROFIT to YOU. DEMANDING SYKES PEAR WRAPS Last season several Canadian canneries bought California pears in lugs, also in pear boxes. As an experiment the shipper packed with Sykes Safety Pear Separator Wrap. One car was shipped unwrapped and another wrapped the usual fashion. SYKED ORANGES— 2000 CARS During the FIRST season and in the face of the most critical conditions the Sykes Safety Separator Wrap has been used on over 2000 cars — up to August 15. That OUGHT to mean something to YOU. If you are at all informed about the California orange deal you will know that California has the reputation for getting the BEST in every- thing from wrap to box. You also know that California fruit is the STANDARD in the Eastern markets when It comes to appearance or dress. No State has such wonderful fruit packing plants with every device known to handle large volume and yet preserve the best appearance. California demands the BEST — and California, you must admit, GETS the RESULTS. Just figure It out for yourself — what the Sykes wrap has done for the California fresh fig and then what it has done for the Cali- fornia orange — and all of it THIS season. Is it not possible for YOU to get equally as good RESULTS with your apples? EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS SYKES WRAPS BLAKE-McFALL CO., Portland, Oregon AMERICAN PAPER CO., Seattle, Wash. SPOKANE PAPER & STATIONERY CO., Spokane, Wash. PACIFIC FOLDING BOX FACTORY, San Francisco Page 26 BETTER FRUIT SejJtember, 1921 \ Our Inquiry Depart- | I ment I 7,1 iHiiiiiimiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiinriiiniiiiiiir i mP Filbert Trees TZ'INDLY reply to query relative to filbert trees: Is there any particular season when they should be set out? Would slips from two year old trees answer? Kindly give Instructions as to care of young plants, soil, etc. — F. J., Washington. (1) The best time to plant filbert trees is In the fall or early winter. (2) Slips or shoots from twi year old trees will do if they have suf- ficiently developed roots. Before planting the land should be thoroughly plowed and harrowed and put In good condition. In setting, the best practice is to place the trees about 20 feet apart. The holes should be dug sufficiently large to give the roots plenty of room and filled in at the bottom with some good top soil and some stable manure added. Unless the soil Is rich it should receive for several years a dressing of barnyard manure or other fertilizer. In caring for the young trees, clean cultivation should be practiced during the growing season, with a cover crop planted In the fall and plowed under in the spring. To have the young trees develop properly, ail suckers and shoots should be removed from them as quickly as they develop. The soil for a filbert orchard should be of good quality, well drained and yet have the ability to hold moisture throughout the summer. Where the soil Is defi- cient in lime this material should be supplied. AAA Woolly Apple Aphis I have been Informed by several orchardlsts who have examined trees in my orchard that are In a bad condition that they are attacked by woolly aphis. What can I do to control this pest. — M. H. G., Washington. So far no hard and fast remedy has been de- veloped for the control of this Insect. The Ore- gon Agricultural College Experiment Station gives the following as the best treatment: For infested bark and branches spray with kerosene emulsion 11 gallons stock solution to 100 gallons; miscible oil, 3 to lOOi or nicotine sulphate, I pint to 100 gallons with 5 pounds of soap for a spreader. A driving spray should be used to pene- trate the wooly coating of the insect. It also says that root forms on young trees have been con- trolled by burying tobacco scraps or dust in trenches over the roots and that miscible oil 5 to 100 or kerosene emulsion 14 gallons stock solution to 100 gallons poured in the hollow about the base of the tree has given some degree of control. Box Shocks East Side Box Co. Manufacturers SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK Box Shooks Foot of Spokane Avenue Portland, Oregon Fair Dates rj^AIRS that «ill be held in the Nt)rtliwest this year nt which fruit will form an important part of the exhibits will be held on the following dates: Oregon State Fair, S.ilcm, September 26 to October I. Washington State Fair, Vakima, September 19 to 24. Idaho State Fair, Boise, September 26 to Oc- tober 1 . Fnilt Irces l.iiil.]e,l from bearing orch- ards. Apple, i'ear. Cherr>-, I'each. IMum. ITune. Aprlfdt. Quince, Grape Vines, Siirubljery. I'iants. Raspberries. Blacli- berries. Logans, Dewl)erries, Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs. Roses, Vines. Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTOI^ NURSEJ^Y CO. ToppenlBb, Washln^on. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. Make Boxes Right, Fast and Cheap Save you money, time and trouble. n 1 M 1^ J^**^^^J Success Box Making Benches Fold up for easy transpor- tation. Last a lifetime. ADJUSTABLE TO ALL STYLES AND SIZES OF BOXES Handle poor shook more rapiclly than other benches handle good Ta- terial. Make more and better boxes. Buy from the Manufacturer and save money: $30.00 each without racks; $35.00 each with racks to hold stripper and cleats. Prices f. o. b. Spokane, Washington. Use the "No Wobble" Ewing Orchard Ladder that lasts for years, and the sturdy, rapid. Success Lid Press that is a pleasure to use. Success Seed Grader Co., Inc. SPOKANE. WASHINGTON Manufacturers Orchard and Farm Supplies MAIL YOUR ORDER TODAY- NEW CROP SEEDS Vetches, Alfalfa, Clovers, Grains Grasses Selected Recleaned Farm and Field Seed at Lowest Market Prices. Special Mixtures for Wet Land — Dry Land — Burns — Permanent Hay Crops and Pastures Cover Crops for Orchards — Dry Latid Pasture Mixtures OUR SEED LABORATORY is in charge of a skilled analyst and all "DIAMOND QUALITY" Seeds are TESTED for PURITY and GERMINATION WRITE TODAY FOR SAMPLES NOTE THEIR PURITY AND WEIGHT Or send in your order direct. We guarantee full value for the money sent and will Rive your inquiries our prompt and careful attention Ask for Catalog No. 200 PoktiandSeedGo<< X PORTtAND.OREGOlS r '„., ',r,j5?=' Western Agents "CLIPPER" FANNING MILLS September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 27 Cannery Notes /^WING to the fact that the trade would not ^"^ buy canned goods at the prices asked early in the season many canneries remained idle or put up limited packs. The result is that the output of canned fruits is much smaller than was ex- pected. With the larger part of the surplus of canned goods carried over from last year being rapidly cleaned up the demand for new stock is strong and canners are looking forward to a prosperous season next year. 1 A * A RECENT innovation at the plant of the "^ King's Products Company at Salem, was the installation of an attrition mill for use in the manufacture of pumpkin flour. The new machine, which will greatly facilitate the manufacture of this material, was made necessary, due to the in- creased demand which the company has received for its pumpkin pie filler. Don't Experiment It costs money. For $20.00 you can get my blue prints. The DENCER DRIER will shorten time of drying and save money on fuel. It turns out a superior product. It costs less to dry per ton, and less to build than any other drier of same capacity. I use only one stove for six tun- nels. Elach tunnel holds I 36 half bushel trays. My driers have been a pronounced success for five years. Edward Dencer Route 3, Box 158 Phone 88F2 SALEM, OREGON atthpSign nfiheFir L^winff s^ too ' I 'HE right picture does -*- the work of a thousand words — and speaks a lan- guage that EVERYBODY understands. The Arcady Art Department can illustrate your booklet, folder or catalog as well as our other depart- ments can print, bind, address and mail it. TELEPHONE Main 8829 The Arcady Company Complete Advertising Service WRITI N G PRINTI NG MAILING AIKADY OLOa MULTIGRAPHINQ MAILING- LISTS Ijm i,jlffet)SON J. 6f H. GOODWIN Limited Apple Exporters Headquarters in United States 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts The Largest Handlers of American Apples in English Markets By using our service you can send your apples direct from the United States into the industrial centers of England. The same organization (J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., throughout) which ships your fruit from the U. S. A., sells and distributes in London, Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow and Hull, and on the European Continent. This means quick handling, considerable econo- mies and the fruit being sold in the freshest pos- sible condition, which means greater returns. For dependable export information write us at 60 State Street, Boston, Mass., or 127 Duane Street, New York City. I Water Instead of Ice! This process of cooling by evaporation is recommended by the United States De- partment of Agriculture, and is being used successfully in thousands of homes. The Empire Iceless Refrigerator will save your food from spoiling through the hot sum- mer months, and there is absolutely no expense attached to its use. Made also in windlass type for use in wells, etc. It is a proven success, and is guaranteed to do the work. Let us send you descriptive folder and prices. Farm Supply Company 281 12th St. Portland,' Ore. Page 28 fllllllUIIIIIKIIIMIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItlllllllll llinllllllltllHtlllllllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllll»ll> I With the Poultry | ,f, IMimillHIIIIIIIIIIIIII Mil" lllllllllll"""" lllllllUlllMlll"lllllll"llt.- TUBERCULOSIS IN POULTRY TUBERCULOSIS in a poultry flock may be introduced in several ways such as receiving infected fowls, exposure to neighboring infected flocks using same range, infection of premises by free-flying birds, carriers, such as man or ani- mals, whose shoes or feet may carry infected drop- pings from nearby infected farms. Most eggs harboring the organism fail to hatch, thereby re- ducing to a minimum the danger of infection from this source, but if infected eggs are thrown to the chickens, the disease may be established in the flock. Although birds may become infected at any age, the disease is not readily detected by or- dinary observation in those under 1 year old, be- cause months are required for the bacilli to mul- tiply in the system sufficiently to interfere with the normal functioning of the body. The older fowls, from 2 to 3 years old, arc most likely to display symptoms and show a high death rate. One of the first symptoms is gradual emacia- tion, which becomes especially noticeable in the breast muscles. These diminish in size until in advanced stages there is scarcely any flesh left on the breast bone. Feeling the breast region will readily detect this wasting. The appetite con- tinues good. Lameness in one or both legs, or drooping of one or both wings is another symp- tom. A skilled operator can apply the intradermic tuberculin test to detect the presence of the di- sease, but medical treatment for fowls is futile. The wisest preventive measure consists in slaughter- ing the infected fowls. Fowls in good flesh may be used for food if they show no lesions or only slight ones. Those fowls that are badly diseased and all visceral organs should be burned. The premises should be disinfected thoroughly, in- cluding all drinking, eating and other utensils. AAA THE B.\CKYARD FLOCK. TPHE backyard flock should have in addition to the table scraps a light feed of grain every morning. Four or five handfuls of grain — about one-half pint — scattered in the litter will be sufficient for a flock of 20 to 25 hens. By handful is meant as much as can be grasped in the hand. By scat- tering it in the litter the hens will be compelled to scratch in order to find the grain and in this way to take exercise, which is decidedly beneficial to them. In case not enough good, sound, substantial table scraps are available to furnish full feeds, both at noon and at night, another feed of the grain mixture should be thrown into the litter at the night feeding and should consist of as much as the hens will eat up clean. In summer or during suitable weather the grain can be fed by scatter- BETTER FRUIT ing it on the ground outside the house. A good grain mixture for this purpose is composed of equal parts by weight of wheat, cracked corn, and oats. Another suitable grain mixture is composed of two parts by weight of cracked corn and one part of oats. '^ AAA TE.iVCHlNG CHICKS TO ROOST WHERE a large number of chicks are being raised in one brooder house difliculty is often experienced in preventing the birds from piling up at night after the heat is removed, and causing serious losses. To prevent this overcrowding the birds should be taught to roost as early as possible. If roosts are made out of one by three inch strips placed flat so as to provide a three-inch roosting surface, and these arc placed twelve to fifteen inches from the floor, the birds can easily be taught to go to roost. If the chicks do not go up on the roost of their own accord they should be gently placed on the roosts after dark for one or two nights until they get the roosting habit. September, 1921 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen I POULTRY NOTES POR the best results turkeys, geese, ducks and hens should be kept in separate quarters. AAA T DOES not pay to winter poor paying birds. Get rid of the culls this fall as early as possible. "17'EEP the roosts clean at all times, but also -'-*■ remember that it is just as important if not more so to keep the nests clean. FRUIT TREES We are extensive growers of fruit trees adapted to the Northwrest. GET OUR PRICES COLUMBIA NURSERY COMPANY 1490 Union Ave., No. Portland, Ore. FREli* An 8x10 Enlargement With $3.00 Worth of Kodak Finishing. Quick Service Films received forenoon mailed out same day. We pay return postage. AH Work Guaranteed WOODARD, CLARKE & CO. Alder at West Park PORTLAND. ORE. We buy car-lots of fruit. Wire or write us your offerings. Coughlin Brokerage Agency Mitchell, South Dakota Write for Terms E F F I C I E N C Y POWER PRUNE DIPPERS AND TRAYERS We make the best. Write for our catalogue. This is the dipper demonstrated at the State Fair at Salem last season. Order now while we have the supply. SALEM MFG. CO., Salem, Oregon Factory located at 1396 North Front and Hood Streets An Early Order For Fall or Spring Delivery Placed with SALEM NURSERY COMPANY 428 Oregon Building SALEM, OREGON Will receive careful atten- tion and give you good choice of varieties Additional Salesmen Wanted I Most Valuable! Highest Price! $1.00 a Plant for the UNIQUE Double Crop STRAWBERRY Saves you TIME — LABOR — MONEY Gives you the highest profit, the greatest pleasure. Let Us Help You Evergreen Plantation New Meadows, Idaho Capital City Nursery Company 426 Oregon Building SALEM OREGON Will supply you with first class stock in FRUIT, NUT AND OR- NAMENTAL TREES, SMALL FRUITS. ROSES Send for catalog WE Need Salesmen September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 29 £jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii)iMii tiiiiiiniiuiriiiiiiiniiiitiiiiiiii^ I Marketing News of I I Interest | =;iiriiiiriiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii- 'T'HE largest walnut crop in the history of Orc- •^ gon is expected this year. The trees have largely recovered from the effects of the freeze of two years ago and are bearing heavily this year. In addition there is a large acreage of young trees just coming into bearing this year for the first time. Reports from Yamhill county indicate that it is not uncommon to find clusters of six nuts and all indications point toward a bumper yield. The crop will go into the barest market in years, according to information from the California Walnut Asso- ciation. Foreign stocks are not on hand to re- tard the market as they were last year and a serious failure of the French walnut crop thii year indicates that there will be little competi- tion from that source. AAA 'T^HE first car of Winter Banana apples of the 1921 crop was sold by the Rock Island unit, in the Wenatchee district, to G. M. H. Wagner & Son for prices that compare favorably with those received for this variety in the last two years. Three dollars a box for all extra fancy apples, $2.50 for fancy and $2 for C grade will be re- ceived. Last year the unit received $3.40 a box for the first car shipped and the year before the top price for extra fancy was $3.80. AAA npHE entire tonnage of pears controlled by the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association In the Willamette and Umpqua valleys has been sold for prices that are thought to be the best obtained for canning pears this season. The prices ob- tained were $65 a ton for No. Is and $35 for No. 28, f. 0. b. shipping point. The terms of sale will permit of early advances to the grower when the fruit Is marketed. The canning pears of the California Pear Growers' Association were sold at $61.75 for No. Is, and $33 for No. 2s. Reports from Yakima show that the first ten cars of pears from that district sold for $60 per ton, but that the price subsequently dropped to $40 and $45 per ton. AAA A CCORDING to reports received at Spokane, ■^ Wash., the Washington peach crop for 1921 is predicted at 25,125 tons, compared with 8,813 tons last year, when crops were unusually poor, and a crop of 30,333 tons of pears is forecasted, compared with 46,792 tons in 1920. In both Washington and Oregon the yield of all berries were reported to be about 50 per cent larger than they were last year. HIGHEST QUALITY SEEDS FALL CATALOG Now Ready Prices 25 to 50 per cent less This is the year to plant 145 147 l>0 R T i- J* t»^ »-• lyPEARLY one-third of the expected 300-car ap- pie crop of the Spokane Valley Growers' Union has been placed in the east within the last week, at prices ranging as high at $3.00 and $3.25 per box, for extra fancy grades, according to re- cent reports. Edward Pelrce, manager of the Union, who Is now in the east, has telegraphed orders for more than 50 carloads of apples, with prices up to $3.25 per box, f. o. b. Spokane, ship- ments to be made to such points as New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Washington, D. C, and Boston. -iiiiiiiiiriiitiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiriinini Iilllillinilliil1lllllllllllllltr< I Oregon Growers' [ I Association Notes \ ?iiiiiiiii)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiitiiiiiiitiiitiiriiiriiiiiiiiir rpARL PEARCY, president of the State So- "^ clety of Horticulture, reports that prunes will be of good size this year. As field representative of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association In the Willamette Valley he has made a careful study of the situation and is of the opinion that the average size of the dried product will be 40s. Last year they ran strongly to 50s. The prunes arc giving early Indications of a good sugar con- tent which will develop if weather conditions re- main favorable. Last year the sugar content was low and as a consequence they dried down to 14 to 17 pounds to the bushel. It is expected that they will dry out heavier this season. AAA T^INAL estimates show that the Oregon Grow- ers' Co-operative Association will harvest 1000 cars of apples in the Willamette, Umpqua and Rogue River Valleys and The^ Dalles district. The Rogue River Valley will supply 600 cars of these. The fruit Is large, well colored, and un- usually free from imperfections. The fruit has more color than is usually the case at this time of the year and present Indications are that the fruit will be superior to that shipped in the average years. Harvesting will probably begin a week or ten days earlier than last season. Grimes will move September 5 to 10, Wagener, September 20 to October 1, Spltzenberg and Ortley, October 1 to 15, with Rome, Newtown and other late varieties following. We are handling Oregon and Washington garden, farm and orchard products exclusively. Our facilities and connections for the proper distribution of carlots or less of APPLES - - POTATOES - - ONIONS assures prompt and satisfactory returns to the grower. Let us figure with you before disposing of your crops. W. B. Glafke Co. COMMISSION MERCHANTS East Third and Alder Streets PORTLAND, OREGON recommendecl BY LUBRICATION Aprade for each type oPenPine Page 30 BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 Classified Advertisements RATES, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY stock" TREES — All kinds of fruit and ornamental trees, vines, etc. Growers of general nursery stock. Lowest quotations given on application. Send us your want list. Can also use a few good salesmen. Albany Nurseries, Albany, Ore. FARMS FOR SALE CHOICE ACRliAOc. — less than thirty miles to Portland, close to county seat and good payrolls; Good roads best of transportation facilities; Paved Columbia Highway, rail and river. Any size tracts, rich deep soil, no ro«k or gravel ; can give easy terms. Special induce^ ments to settlers.— INTERSTATE LAND CO, 248 Stark St.. Portland, Oregon. BARGAIN — Fine young pear orchard; 12 acres 5 bearing, balance 3 years. Particulars, Owner, P. O. Box 182, KelseyTille, Calif. FOR SALE — 17 55/100 acres all cleared in Wil lamette Valley 30 miles from Portland. Splen did fruit or nut land. $200 per acre. Terms if desired. B. L. Herbert, 51 E 8th St., North, Portland, Oregon. _^__^ WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapol is, Minn. WANT to hear from parties having farm for sale. Give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th St., Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows grain, vegetables hay, fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre; 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for tree book. Edward & Bradford Lumber Co., Elk, Washington. BIG APPLE ORCHARD and by-products plant in famous Southern-Pennsylvania Apple Belt. J. P. Stewart, 305 Carlisle Ave., York, Pa. MISCELLANEOUS HAPPY HOME HONEY — From blossoms of alfalfa and sweet clover, in liquid form; 6 10-Ib. pails, $9.00; 1 601b. can $8.40; 2 cans, $16.00, at Mabton. H. N. Paul. Mabton, Washington. CORN HARVESTER— cuts and piles on har- vester or winrows. Man and horse cuts and shocks equal Corn Binder. Sold in every state. Only $28 with fodder tieing attachment. Tes- timonials and catalog FREE showing picture of harvester. Process Harvester Co., Salina, Kansas. POULTRY PETALUMA HATCHERY— Established 1902 by L. W. Clark. Chicks every Monday and Thurs- day, White and Brown Leghorns. Heavy lay- ing strain. Safe delivery guaranteed. Send for prices and terms. L. W. CLARK, 615 Main St., Petaluma, Calif. PULLETS— We can supply O. A. C. and Tancred White Leghorn Pullets. Rhode Island Reds and Barred Rocks at all ages — some ready to lay. Also one and two year old hens, good breeders. Exceptionally fine range-raised birds. Portland Seed Co., 180 Front St., Portland. Ore. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon AGENTS WANTED— Our prices are right. Co- lumbia Nur.-;ery C-:i., 1490 Union Ave., No., Portland, Oregon. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. Bees and Beekeeping 'T'HAT beekeeping is profitable is shown by an investigation recently made by Oregon Agri- cultural College experts who reported that many beekeepers throughout the state had incomes rang- ing from $1,500 to $4,000, while some made earn- ings of more than $10,000. The investigation also developed the fact that the demand for men trained in beekeeping is urgent. Many of the re- quests for trained beemen arc coming from com- mercial horticulturists who want men trained in both beekeeping and horticulture to take charge of their orchards and bees. Large commercial apiaries ar also looking for men experienced in beekeeping to manage their apiaries. More business is reported to have been done in box apples at the annual convention of Inter- national Apple Shippers, held at Cincinnati, this year, than at any previous meeting. The largest lale reported was a block of 60,000 boxes of Wenatchee fruit. THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chemeketa Street SALEM, OREGON How You Can Get Better Fruit's Apple Packing Chart Better Fruit's apple packing chart printed on cardboard so that it can be hung in the packing house, will be mailed to anyone desiring it, on the following terms; One card FREE with a new subscrip- tion to Better Fruit. One card without subscription $ .10 Twelve cards without subscription—, 1.00 BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO. Arcady Building Portland, Oregon Phone Main 6018 for ROGERS COMPANY Rubber Stamps, Seals Stencils 514 Gerlinger Building Portland, Oregon NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Co. MILTON, OREGON For their 1 92 I Catalog Full Line of Nursery Stock "Genuineness and Quality" NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sale* Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. ORCAS LUMP LIME Pu Free from magnesia and in tight barrels. NOTHING SUPEIRIOR to ORCAS for FRUIT SPRAY or building purposes We make SWANSDOWN HYDRATED LIME as well as Orcas Poultry Grit and ground Limestone Address ORCAS LIME CO. Pioneer Building, Seattle, Wash. «.<{ yf In Every Respect says the Good Judge You get more genuine chew- ing satisfaction from the Real Tobacco Chew than you ever got from the ordinary kind. The good tobacco taste la^ts so long — a small chew of this class of tobacco lasts much longer than a big chew of the old kind. That's why it costs less to use. Any man who has used both kinds will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B GUT is a long fine-cut tobacca RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco -lan-Bruton Company, 1107 Broadway, New York City OTHER QUALITY PRODUCTS especially prepared for use on the farm. Oronite Roof Paint A high-quality protective coating for prepareu ■ ooz- ing and metal roo*s Mica Axle Grease Gives a durable, smooth lubricating film under every pulling condition. Keeps the axle cool; no hot-boxes, no gumming. The MICA makes it bet- ter. Eureka Harness Oil Preserves the original strength and life of leather and keeps it soft and pli- able. Keeps harness "new looking." Standard Hand Separator Oil Correct Lubrication for your Hand Separator, un- der the conditions of high speed and close fitting parts. Before the rains start asm Examine your shingle roofs. They need pro- tection to successfully come through the heavy rains of another year's weather. ORONITE SHINGLE OIL Preserves Shingles Oronite Shingle Oil is a high-quality preserva- tive for all shingles (either on roofs or on side walls) — to make shingles last longer through drenching rains, whipping winds and hot, dry- ing sunshine. Oronite Shingle Oil penetrates the fibre of the shingle with a moisture-resisting preservative that retards the evaporation of natural oils in the wood — the cause of cracking and warping — and counteracts the effect of age and ex- posure. Oronite Shingle Oil is especially prepared to make shingles withstand continual exposure. It will keep your roof in good condition and give it longer life. An application of Oronite Shingle Oil to an old roof novr may save the cost of repairs or an entire new roof next season. You can mix Oronite Shingle Oil with colors and obtain an attractive stain and all the ad- vantages of this shingle preservative. Ask our nearest agent for color formulas. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (CaJiibmia) ORONITE me««. QUALITY f PRESS OF THE ABCADY COMPANY, PORTLAND, OREGON j^^rJpj THE WORLD - OUR ORCHARD ^^^ OUR ORCHARD ^ 5rEinpbT & Kelly I NEW YORK I btiOUE^TI'PMflbLY THE mam bl3T JIBUTI' UNTRY'5 FflNQY AND OTHER. FRUITJ OUR MARKET THE WORLD BETTER F RUIT Volume XVI October, 1921 X, /On Number 4 iiiiriiiitiiiriiiiiiiriiiiiiiriiiiiiitiiiniiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiir ikinwiiiiriiiiniiiiiiiiitiiiMiiitiitiiiiiiiMu Features in This Issue: — I I Entree of the Basket Into Fancy | I Appledom | I Thrips Injury to Apples | I Commercial Possibilities of the | I Chestnut | I Advantages of Central Co-oper- | I ative Packing Plants | iTiitiiNiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiitiiiiiiiiiiiriiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiiiMiniiniiiUR How Young America Can Best Celebrate National Apple Day „ iiiiiiiiniiiiiiimiiiiiiiilii 1 1 1 iiiiiiiiiii I "II" iiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mil nut i liimii mil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiimiiui ii mil mil mm mi BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Publisher Portland. Oregon 20 cents the single copy. Subscription, One Dollar per year in the United States. Can- ada and Foreign, including postage. Two Dollars, Payable in American Exchange Cables: POUPART, LONDON Codes: ABC (5th Edition) Marconi International Bankers : Merchants Bank of Canada Bank of Nova Scotia, Etc. T. J. POUPART (John Poupart, William Ravenhill) Convent Garden, London, W. C. 2 REGISTERED SPECIALNOTICE We have now opened a branch at Liverpool which will be conducted on the same lines as London. Grow- ers can communi- cate direct with the manager, T. J. POUPART 54 Stanley St. Liverpool TRADE M.-\RK The Largest Firm of Fruit Salesmen in Great Britain (ESTABLISHED OVER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY) SALES BY PRIVATE TREATY ONLY (Gives best results) COMMISSION THE EXCLUSIVE BASIS (Purchase propositions cannot be considered) ADVANCES OFFERED TO COVER FREIGHT CHARGES Special Facilities for Handling Consignments from Co-operative and Other Organizations We are pleased to announce that we have arranged for Sam Birch to again visit all our ship- pers. Correspon- dence can be ad- dressed to him in advance, care of "Better Fruit" of- fice. Members of North Pacific Coast Line Joint Service of The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company— Holland- America Line VANCOUVER, B. C. Fast Freight Service Between -PUGET SOUND— COLUMBIA RIVER— SAN FRANCISCO— and LOS ANGELES HARBOR AND LONDON— LIVERPOOL— GLASGOW— HULL— ROTTERDAM— AMSTERDAM ANTWERP— HAMBURG and HAVRE From Pacific Coast Ports Loadii From Europe S. S. NOORDERDIJK.. .. Late September S. S. MOLIERE Late October S. S. EEMDIJK Middle November S. S. KINDERDIJK Late November S. S. NEBRASKA.. Late November Loading S. S. EEMDIJK ; Late September S. S. KINDERDIJK Middle October S. S. NEBRASKA .' Late October S. S. MOERDIJK Middle November All Steamers Equipped with Large Coo Irooms and Refrigerators for the Transportation offish, Fruit, Cheese and Other Perishable Cargo For freight rates and space apply. Oregon-Pacific Co., Wilcox Bldg., Portland, Oregon— Phone Main 4565 Better Fruit. Vol. 16. No. 4. Published monthly at Portland. Oregon. Entered as second class matter at the post office at Portland, Oregon under the Act of March 3, 1897. BETTER FRUIT Page 3 How Can the Farmer Prosper Unless the Railroads Prosper? THE development and prosperity of farming in the United States have in the past gone hand in hand with the growth and development of the railroads. Ahead of or beside the courageous pioneer has gone the railway. The railway is dependent on the farmer for the tonnage which enables it to live and con- duct its business. Likewise the farmer is dependent on good and adequate service by the rail- way as the means of getting his products to the markets of this country and the world under conditions which will enable him to prosper. Railway Development at a Standstill The development of the railways has been prac- tically at a standstill for some years. No industry can grow unless it can get people to put new capi- tal into it. No industry can get people to invest capital unless it can pay a return on this additional capital. Stagnation in the railroad industry is a menace to the farmer. The products of the farms are con- stantly increasing. Without increased means of transportation these increased products of the farms cannot be carried to market. The Earning Power of the Railroads Was Practically Destroyed During the War They are now trying to get it back. They want to get it back so they can provide additional loco- motives and cars to handle the increase in traffic and provide for the future development of the country. They natist raise large amounts of new capital to provide these facilities. Not Asking Return on "Watered" Stock Every farmer and business man knows it is im- possible at present to borrow large, amounts of money for even 6 per cent. How can the railroads be expected to raise new^ capital for new facilities if they are not allowed to earn at least 6 per cent, which the Interstate Commerce Commission has held they need? Is this 6 per cent on "watered" stock? No. It is not based on stock at all, or on bonds either. It is based on the minimum value of the property which the railways devote every day to the public service in transportation — tracks, stations, locomo- tives, cars, shops, and so on. This valuation has been made by the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion under the Valuation Act fathered by Senator LaFollette of Wisconsin eight years ago. It is not based on what it would cost to rebuild the railroads at present high prices of materials and wages, but on what it would cost to rebuild them at pre-wjur wages and prices as they stood in 1914. A valuation based on present wages and prices would be twice as great. Some railroads are "overcapitalized." Many, including most of the big systems, are undercap- italized. But neither in the one case nor the other does this affect the basis on which rates are made. What Regulation Can Not Do The farmer has just lost a friend and the coun- try a valuable citizen by the death of ex-Judge C. A. Prouty. He was for seventeen years a member of the Interstate Commerce Commission. He was in charge of the valuation of the railroads from the time it was begun until his death. He said: "We can regulate the railways. We cannot by legislation force one single dollar of private capital into railway investment against its wiU." The farmer, by favoring regulations that will help the railways to regain their reasonable earning power, can help them to attract hundreds of mil- lions of dollars needed for rehabilitation and en- largement of railway facilities and for increased and improved transportation service to the farmer. The further development of the country will be arrested and the farmers and all other claisses seriously injured unless the railways are given opportunity to raise the capital needed to enable them to make their service better and more adequate. Association of Railway Executives 61 BROADWAY NEW YORK 764 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING CHICAGO, ILL. Those desiring further information on the railroad situation are requested to address the offices of the Association or the president of any of the individual railroads. MUNSEY BUILDING WASHINGTON, D. C. l^aye 4 BETTER FRUIT October, 1921 Sykes' Service Bulletin Vol.1 Portland, Oregon, October, 1921 No. 2 What U Syke» Pack? The Sykes Safety Separator Apple Wrap is a moderately thick flexible sheet of wood pulp, CI'* fn fit the standard apple box. Each layer or tier of fruit is separated from the one above and below by one of these Separator wraps. Each tize of fruit has a spe- cial wrap insuring the proper position of the fruit in packing as well as preventing the in- dividual apples from touching each other. A series of cups are stamped in a mathemat- ically correct position, according to the sire of the fruit. A series of cuts in each cup pro- vides tongues of paper between the individual fruits of each tier — the body of the wrap it- self separating the layers or tiers—hence thr name "Separator." This is the SYKES SYSTEM— an inter- locking of correctly sized fruit, correctly packed, forming one solid structure of fruit, the individual apples being separated from each other by these cuts nr tongues of the cups. If there be any shrinkage during storage, each apple retains its position, the interlocking prin- ciple preventing any bruising, hence helpinf to prevent any decay. How to Pack Syke» Many thoughtless criticisms have been made of the Sykes Pack by those who have never seen the "Sykes System" CORRECTLY packed. The fundamental principle of the "Sykes System" is summed up In the term "bridging the arch" — in other words, an INTER- LOCKED structure. A special wrap is provided for each standard size of fruit. If the wrong wrap is used, the experienced Sykes packer detects mistake quickly. If the fruit has been sized wrong, he quickly catches that error. The firat layer or tier MUST be placed CORRECTLY in position. It is the FOUNDATION of the "Sykes System." The box is set flat on a flat table. A Separator wrap is placed in the bottom of the box. The first tier of apples is placed, stem down. In the cups of the wrap (the number and arrangement of cups varying with the iice of fruit). It takes but a few moments to place the first tier CORRECTLY. If the fruit has been properly sized, the indi- vidual apples will not touch each other, the spaces between the apples forming uniform triangles. When the first tier has been placed, a Sepa- rator wrap Is placed over the tier. The cups nest in to the triangular spaces formed by the apples of the first tier. The fruit of the second layer Is then placed in the cups, completing the second tier. Again, the apples of the second tier do not touch each other — the spaces be- tween the apples again forming small tri- angles. The third Separator wrap is placed in posi- tion. The cups again nest into the triangular spaces. This process continues until next to the top tier is In position. A soft wood board, which will fit easily into the box, is used to press down the fruit uni- formly — light pressure in the center, heavier on ends — LOCKING each tier Into the trian- gular spaces In the tier below — in the layman's words, "bridging the arches." The top tier is then placed into position, giving the required bulge at the center. The experienced packer soon learns how to make a finished job In placing the top tier or facing the box. To protect the top tier another Sepa- rator wrap is placed in position and the lid nailed fast. Every tier or layer is thus uniformly wedged into the spaces below, with the exception of the first or bottom tier, which forms the founda- tion for the series of arches. Oiled Wraps Popular Following the several experiments made by federal experts during the past two seasons, using various oil formulas, the use of oiled wraps in the Nnrthwest is grow- ing rapidly. Oiled wraps appear to be the NEXT step in the evolution of Scientific Apple Packing. Oiled wraps, it has been proven, reduce the amount of scald in storage — practically all of the experiments have proven most of the cl.iinii for oiled wraps. '^^ This is a Side View p^ This is a side view of a Syked apple box showing how each tier of fruit nestles Into the spaces in the tier below — the tongues of paper in the cuts or cups separating the in- dividual apples while the entire sheet or wrap separates the tiers. This gives perfect aeration of fruit, assisting nature In pre- venting scald and decay. At a trifle additional cost, Sykes Safety Separator Wraps, tre.ited with an approved oil preparation, may now be had in lim- ited quantities. Next season tliere will be an ample supply for all packers. The oiled wrap, without diubt, has come to stay — progressive manufacturers arc pre- paring to meet the demand. Error in Figures In our September Bulletin, under the cap- tion, "Sykeing California Oranges," the types made us say "It takes 83 wraps to pack a box of oranges." This error was so app,irent that scores of readers have called our attention to it. This paragraph should have read, "1000 wraps (1 bundle) will pack 83 boxes of oranges," Every packer who read the Sep- tember Bulletin knew instantly that the figures were mixed. Why Pack Sykes? Does the hit-and-miss practice of close paper wraps, with corners of boxes stuffed with pa- per, or frequently a small apple wedged in to make a tight layer — produce the correct pack? What is the answer — If you have SUPERIOR fruit — which should be sized correctly and packed correctly — if ynu expect It to keep In storage' SUPERIOR fruit has a value. Is It not false economy to pack superior fruit as cheaply as possible — thereby taking all of the risks of common or cold storage? Sykeing Branded Apples Docs It pay to pack GOOD fruit In the cheapest manner possible — with the cheapest wraps known — and under a hit-and-miss practice? Have you a right to expect good RESULTS from such a pack? Is it not logical that you would get BETTER results from CORRECT ■izing and CORRECT pack? Until you use Sykes Safety Sepa- rator Wraps, you will never know how well your fruit will keep. During the convention of the Na- tional Restaurant Owners' Associa- tion, which met in Los Angeles Oc- tober 3-8, several splendid displays were made of Northwestern apples which had been branded by the Alsberg Electric Branding Machine. The display of the "Blue Goose" and "Skoo- kum" packs was a remarkably fine one. Prac- tically every delegate visiting the fruit show was favorably Impressed. By courtesy of the .American Fruit Growers, who made the display, several boxes of Syked Northwestern apples had a prominent place in the exhibit. The appearance of the^e boxes was most attractive. If your supply house cannot furnish you with Sykes Safety Separator Wraps NOW — please notify Better Fruit at once — and your order will be promptly filled. EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS SYKES WRAPS BLAKE-McFALL CO., Portland, Oregon AMERICAN PAPER CO., Seattle, Wash. SPOKANE PAPER & STATIONERY CO., Spokane, Wash. PACIFIC FOLDING BOX FACTORY, San Francisco BETTER FRUIT Pioneer Horticultural Journal of the Pacific Northwest Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March S, 1879 Volume XVI Portland. Oregon, October, 19"21 NUIMBER 4 The Entree of the Basket Into Fancy Appledom By the Editor ^tiiiiiitiiiiiiiiriiiiriiiiiiiiitiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii iiniit 1 liniliK I I I OKU I iiliiiiiilillirmiiiiiiiiilitiiiilintiinimiiti As the frice of fine quality a f pies has risen and a greater number of fersons are now living in apartments and other quarters zvhere the storage space is restricted, the demand for something in the zi'ay of a container that zvould be larger than the old-time ■peck measure and yet something smaller than the barrel has been grad- ually grooving. In the Far West this demand has been supplied by the ex- tra fancy or fancy selected packed box. Boxes, however, by reason of cost, are not azmilable in many of the apple growing sections of the country in addition to the fact that they are not as well known or as well liked as baskets, which can be put to many uses after they are emptied of their fruits. Another reason for the greater use of the basket itian formerly for shipping fruit is that it is being more scientifically made — that it permits of a tight, fancy pack and is growoing in all sections of the country as a prac- tical, as well as a show conotainer. The evolution of the old "bushel" basket as a receptacle for the better grade of potatoes to its present status as a container for high grade fruit is due, largely, to the persistence of the Package Sales Corporation, an or- ganization that has advocated its use in and out of season. In fact, much of the data used in connection with the following article was secured from this source and we are present- ing this story to our readers because the use of the basket as an apple con- tainer in the Far West is rapidly in- creasing. HlllllMlllllllltlllllllllllllllllltllllllllllllUlllllllllllliniDIII III! nil iiiiiii I iniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiitiiitiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii AS LH'ING conditions have changed so have the desires of the fruit buying public, not only for better fruit but also for smaller contain- ers. Where formerly apples were only sold in large containers, such as the barrel, they can now be purchased in smaller ones which are far more suited to the needs of the average family. The bushel basket has been found to fill the wants of the consumer be- cause it is not too large or too small. It also gives the buyer a better chance to see what he is getting because of the wide display surface permjssible in this style of con- tainer. The grower who is proud of his fruit has a splendid opportunity of show- ing it to the buyer when in baskets. It can be truthfully stated that the buy- ing public is developing a desire not only for a smaller container, but also for con- tainers with good arrangement and proper grading of the contents. There has been a vast improvement in grading and packing in the last few years, but there is still room for bettering existing conditions. It is a trade axiom that the better the "look"' the quicker the "sale," and every enterprising grower realizes this statement to be the truth. THE round stave bushel basket has a ca- pacity of 2150.42 cubic inches or 32 quarts dry measure. The web is composed of 20 staves, 36 inches long and of vary- ing thickness, according to the density of the wood used. This web is so constructed as to form a basket having a height of 1 1 ]/i inches, a bottom diameter approx- imately 14 inches and an inside top di- ameter of 17 inches. The staves are securely stapled to the top and center hoops. All staples should be driven through both top hoops and well clinched on the inside. The handles should also be driven through both top hoops, the ends bent upward and against the inside hoop. They must be ex- actly opposite each other. In order that the contents of the baskets may arrive on the market in perfect condi- tion it is necessary that the basket be made of sound material, of tight construction and good workmanship. It has been proven to the sorrow of a great many growers that by using weak or poorly constructed baskets the contents have arrived on the market in bad condition and in many instances have failed to arrive at all. It is imperative that well made baskets be used if satisfactory results are to be obtained. IN MANY small orchards apples are packed in the orchard. This, however, is not true of most of the large commercial sections where regular packing houses have been built. The fruit, after picking, is brought to these houses and graded and sized. Grading consists of removing fruit that is wormy, scabby, misshapen, dirty and otherwise injured so as to render it unfit for high grade packing. Sizing refers to the operation, either me- chanically or by hand, of sorting apples into different sizes according to their transverse diameters. A number of mechanical sizers are on the market and used extensively by commercial fruit growers. A few of the best known graders are the Prescott, Starcher, Cutler, Pease and Burke. After the culls have been removed the fruit can be sized into the different grade sizes. Where apples are packed on what is known as "(Orchard Run" basis the work is usually done in the orchard. In this case no sizing is done except to remove the very small apples. The only grading is the re- moval of wormy, scabby and decayed fruit, which is usually accomplished as the fruit is picked. The baskets are, of course, jum- ble packed with a smoothing or semi-ring- ing of the face before the cover is put on. THERE are two methods of packing ap- ples in basket packages, the jumble and ring pack. The jumble pack consists merely of putting apples into baskets in a haphazard way with no attempt at arrange- ment. Some growers put a face on a jumble pack, while others leave the apples in what- ever position they happen to be after being put into the basket. This latter method should be discouraged in most cases. In the ring pack the fruit is placed in concentric circles, beginning at the bottom of the bas- ket and extending to the top. Facing is the arrangement of the fruit on the top of the basket after it has been partly filled. It is this factor alone that determines the appearance or "looks" of the basket. • Looks goes a long way in in- !:■ ~v%, L ■ J Fig. 1. Cli- yx style ot facing Page 6 creasing the sale value of the package, which emphasizes the fact that all baskets should be ring faced. In order to receive top prices baskets should present a very at- Fig. 2. Packed basket, showing wire side hooks and 19-inch pad tractive appearance. This can only be ac- complished by facing. The styles of facing most commonly used are: 1. Stems up, fruit in concentric circles. 2. Cheek up, stems out to edge of basket, fruit in concentric circles. 3. Cheek up, stems to calyx, fruit in concentric circles. TN the jumble pack the apples, after hav- -*- ing been graded and sized, are run into baskets without bruising. Care should be used in this operation, for apples falling but a few inches will bruise and while the bruise may not be apparent, in a few days it can be noticed and at a later date offer chance for deterioration. It is preferable to pack graded and sized apples rather than orchard run. Only sized apples and one size at that should go into the basket. It is bad, and in some cases an unlawful practice to mix sizes. As the basket fills with apples it should be smoothed around so as to fill up all depressions and secure a tight pack. When the basket is half full a "follower"' or "racker'' should be used. This covers the fruit and in racking it prevents the apples from bouncing around and being bruised. When the basket is filled to within two or three inches of the top the "follower" should be again used and the basket well racked. This prepares a good foundation for the face if one is to be put on. It is very important that a bushel of jumble packed apples be well racked. Rack- ing consists of a sharp shake from side to side with the object of settling the apples in place. It should be done on a solid foun- dation, such as a plank or the floor of the packing house, as it can never be done suc- cessfully on the ground. Racking should be done with a slight, sharp jar, rather than a swinging, throwing motion. Unless the baskets are racked properly the fruit will not be settled and the baskets will have the look of a slack pack when the basket ar- rives on the market. It is absolutely neces- sary in good, jumble packing that the bas- kets be well racked. BETTER FRUIT "D ING packing a basket is considered by *-^ some growers to be the best method. Undoubtedly for extra fancy fruit and for the larger sizes as well as for apples that will be put into cold storage ring packing is to be preferred. Do not confuse ring pack- ing with ring facing, as a jumble pack and the ring pack are both faced. Ring packing is the placing of the fruit in the basket in concentric circles. Start at the bottom and .against the sides and pack the fruit in rings. It is preferable to pack the fruit stem to calyx in making the rings and after the first ring has been completed put in the second ring and continue until the entire layer h.is been finished. The second layer is put directly on top of the first layer and so on until the basket has been packed and is ready for the facing on top. In both the jumble and the ring pack the fruit in the center of the basket will be higher than the fruit around the side of the basket. This is caused by the center of the bottom being raised. This raised center causes an incre.ised height of bulge in the center of the face and is one of the very strong points about the packing of apples in bushel baskets. It gives a bulge without using a larger sized apple for the center. The ring packed basket holds very tight in transit, and it is not necessary to rack it unless fruit of uneven size has been used in making the layers. It should not be packed so high that there will be too great a bulge above the edge of the outside hoop when the facing is put on. 'T'HE fruit selected for the facing of the *- baskets should be such as to fairly rep- resent the quality of the contents. If the apples are not graded to size it will be un- fair and unlawful to have the larger size in the face. It will also be unfair to have apples of better color on the face than those in the rest of the basket. In short the face must represent a fair and uniform sample of the fruit in the baskets. The fruit in the face should be placed to the best advantage. To obtain a good looking face the fruit must be uniform in size. The Styles of Facing 1. Stems Up, Fruit in Concentric Cir- cles. This face is very popular and is no doubt used as it is similar to the facing of a barrel pack. This style does not permit the tightest face or provide the greatest possi- bility of showing the maximum color of the apples. This style of face is not so pop- ular with the growers as that of cheeks up. Where the basket has been ring packed from the bottom up this face is easy to put on. 2. Cheeks Up, Stems Out to Edge of Basket, Fruit in Concentric Circles. This f.-ice is the least popular of the three meth- ods of facing does not permit as tight a pack and besides it requires more time in prepa- ration than the other styles. 3. Cheeks Up, Stem to Calyx, Fruit in Concentric Circles. This face (Figure 1) is no doubt preferred to all other styles. It October, 1921 allows the greatest possible display of the well colored checks, it makes an even, smooth, tight pack and prevents slipping or displacement of the rings. This style of face can be put on in much less time than other styles. TN SIZING fruit for bushel baskets the -'- size is the transverse diameter rather than the longitudinal diameter. This is measured by a line through the thickest part of the apple, which is at right angles to a line drawn from stem to calyx. The average transverse size of the apple is considered in this work and not the longitudinal diameter. Five sizes of apples are listed below and for the convenience in this bulletin the dif- ferent sizes have been numbered. Thev are: I 2 in. to 2J4 in. II- -- 2J4 in. to 2^ in. Ill --- lYz in. to 3 in. IV.- _....3 in. to 4 in. V. 4 in and above Due to the variation in the size of the different classes mentioned the number of apples in the different rings of the face will vary slightly. It would be ideal to ring face with apples that were half way between the minimum and maximum of each size. This, however, is not possible unless a hand sizing board is used or the grader is so equipped that it sizes accurately to the transverse di- ameter of the size being packed. In the experimental work on which this data is based the variety used was Ben Davis. The general shape and conformation of this variety is similar to most varieties except those shaped like a Delicious, the York and other off-shapen varieties. The figures obtained are for sizes of apples which were run through the Starcher grader, frequently called the Virginia Fruit Sizer. '■|"'HESE figures are only approximate for -*- the different sizes, and no figures can be e.xact because of the vaiiation in the W % brRnd^;: ill y Fig. 3. Showing wrapping of fruit except center rows to show prospective purchaser quaUty of fruit. Also label on top of basket commercial sizes being packed. The varia- tion in some sizes will be from a quarter ( Continued on fage 15) October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Commercial Possibilities of the Chestnut niiillitiiiniMililiitiiiiiiiiiiiiilMltllimiiiiillllllllililiiiiiiriiiniiriMMiiillllllliiiiiiiiiirnr^ The chestnut, tihile not of the \ high g'aie of some of the other | American grown nuts, finds a ready | and frofitabU sale, farticularly on | the fruit stands in many of th* larger | cities in the East. Of late years it | I has been found that it is being at- | I tacked by a fest that is greatly lessen- | ing its yield exceft on the Pacific \ I Coast. The fossibilities of its frof- | j agation in the latter region therefore | I are of wide importance and are foint- | I ed out in the following article by | I Mr. Pearcy. — Editor. | ^|||||||||||)lllllllllllll^ll^Illlll^lllllllllllllnlllrllllllltMll^lltrllllIlllnlllllllllllllllllllllll? T f I "^HE chestnut, at the present time, is one of minor importance as a commercial product of the North- west. There are but very few commercial plantings and those are small in extent. The behavior of the trees in these few small plantings, together with the performance of the many trees planted all over this sec- tion as shade and ornamental trees have demonstrated that our climate conditions are suitable for chestnut culture. An an- alysis of conditions in the eastern chestnut growing regions should be made before we decide whether we are warranted in making commercial plantings here. Twenty years ago great chestnut forests were growing in the eastern part of this country. Today these forests are disappear- ing, apparently doomed to extinction and that quickly, too. In 1904 it first was noticed that many of the trees in the vicin- ity of New York City were dying of some strange disease. Investigation by patholo- gists demonstrated that the disease was caused by a fungus, Endothia parasitica by name. It spread rapidly all through the native chestnut area and by 1916 was found in 1 3 states, and had caused damage esti- mated at $50,000,000, half the total valua- tion of the American chestnut forests. .-\t the rate that it is eating into the forests the American chestnut will soon be wiped out of its native home. With most diseases of this nature there always appears some immune trees in the forests or the orchards from which may be bred resistant strains of trees, but no Ameri- can sweet chestnut tree has yet been found that shows any degree of resistance. TT HAS been discovered that this fungus -'■ has its home in China, Japan and Korea and that it was evidently transported to America on imported nursery stock. The fungus spreads by means of birds, insects, wind, rain and by shipment of nursery stock, chestnuts and chestnut timber on which the bark is permitted to remain. It causes death by penetrating the bark and attacking the cambium and sap wood areas. By Knight Pearcy, Horticulturitt This disease is deadly both to Amer- ican and European varities. It is spreading rapidly, 99 per cent of the trees in Eastern Pennsylvania already have been killed ac- cording to reports. None of our American and European varities are inmune, although certain nurseries have claimed the Paragon to be so. The disease is practically uncon- trollable, although where one has but few trees he can keep it in check by cutting. An embargo is needed to protect the un- infected western district. The disease can- not be detected on nursery trees. We should not import chestnut trees of any kind from any of the blight districts of the East, which means from any of the native chest- nut area. The Japanese and the Chinese chestnut species are attacked by this fungus, but the injury seems comparatively light since these species in their agelong struggle with the blight have developed resistant strains. The hope of eastern United States to remain a chestnut producing section seems to be in discovering some Japanese or Chinese variety or a hybrid that is blight proof and which at the same time has other qualities which are desirable. Dr. Van Fleet, of the United States Department of Agricul- ture, has developed a number of hybrids between the Japanese chestnut and our native chinquapin, which hold considerable promise to the eastern growers. THE chestnuts of the world are of sev- eral species. The American chestnut, known to botanists as Castanea dentata, is .i tall straight tree, when grown in forests and produces nuts of the highest quality, although smaller than those of most other species. There are comparativly few named varieties of this species, the Rochester being perhaps the leading variety. The European species is known to sci- ence as C. sativa. Its tree is smaller than that of the American species, but its nuts are larger, although of poorer quality. Blight resistance is greater than that of the native chestnut, but not enough to permit it to survive when planted in a diseased sec- tion. There are many varieties of this spe- cies, although most of these are varieties that originated in this country from seed- lings of the European species. Named varieties imported directly from Europe have not succeeded as well in East- ern United States as have the varieties origi- nating on this side of the water, although it is claimed that many of these named French varieties, when grown on the Paci- fic Coast do exceptionally well. This we would expect in keeping with the well known horticultural law that plants im- ported from the Asiatic Coast countries do better in eastern America than on the Pacific Coast while plants from the western Europe succeed better out here than in eastern America. Numbo and Paragon are two of the most popular named varieties of European chestnuts growing in the East. THE Japanese chestnut, C. crenata, is highly resistant to blight, has a very large nut, although its quality is so low that it usually has to be cooked to be palatable, is precocious, a prolific bearer and produces an earlier maturing nut than does either of the above mentioned species. The tree itself is semi-dwarf. It seems to have everything but quality of nut to make it a desirable nut producing species and plant breeders feel that they can improve the quality of the nut and are now working upon this problem. Alpha, Beta, Parry, Coe, Boone and Giant are varieties of this species. The Chinese chestnut, C. molissima, is a relative stranger in this country and we know less about it than the others. It makes a taller tree than the Japanese and produces nuts of good quality. We have not experimented with the chestnut enough in the Northwest to be able to say just what soils are best, but it appears to do well on most of our fruit soils where drainage is good. Spacing of 40 to 45 feet seems to be about the need of the American and Eu- ropean varieties, while the Japanese tree will do with a 30-foot spacing. General culture is about that of the apple orchard. Little is known regarding pollinization, but the general advise is to plant several varie- ties. The Japanese varieties are apparently self fertile. One grower in the Middle West reports the following yields from a Boone seedling tree Eight pounds the sixth year; 26 pounds the ninth year; 50 pounds the 1-th year; 80 pounds the 15th year, and 140 pounds the 17th year. He received 25 to 40 cents per pound in the Chicago market that year. One grower near Salem with 20 crowded trees, all seedlings, harvested an average of 50 pounds per tree from trees in their twenties. One tree yielded 100 pounds. We have records of other Oregon trees that have borne as high as 1 50 pounds of nuts, and of a number that have averaged 50 pounds per tree for years, which would give 1,200 to 1,500 pounds per acre. Most of our nuts are high in fat con- tent and fairly high in protein content. The chestnut, however, is lo win fats, but very high in carbohydrates. Its composi- tion and food value is very close when an- alyzed to that of corn meal or of wheat bread. Many of the Europeans use it much as we use the potato, to supply the starches in their diets. They use this nut boiled, roasted, made into cakes and in many other forms. It enters into their diet very exten- sively. They also use it for feeding hogs as do the Japanese. It has a high feeding value and acre for acre will produce more Page 8 BETTER FRUIT October, 1921 fattening value for hogs than will a 25- bushcl yield of wheat. A few chestnut trees planted on waste land would in a few years serve to fatten the hogs for the winter's sup- ply of pork for a farmer, thus releasing more valuable land now used for raising hog feed. AS to the future of the chestnut in America: The native forests of the East are doomed. Any chestnut industry that may be maintained in the present American chestnut regions will have to be based on resistant hybrids that are now be- ing tried out. Parts of the Middle West are planting a few chestnut orchards and these sections many develop plantings to supply the market of the East in case they can keep the blight out. The Pacific Coast is the only remaining section that may step into the breach. This section has the cli- matic conditions necessary to success and is fortunate in not having any native chest- nut forests, hence will have less trouble with diseases and insects than will an old grow- ing region. We know we can grow the nuts commercially. Our question is simply this: Is the eastern market attractive enough to warrant our growers, who can do so well with filberts and walnuts and with so many fruits and berries, to plant chestnuts instead of other nuts and fruits.'' Pomologists to Meet THE thirty-eighth convention of the American Pomological Society will be held this year in Toledo, Ohio, December 7, 8, 9. The meeting will be in conjunc- tion with the National Farmers' Exposition annually held in that city. A considerable exhibit of fruits and by-products will be staged in connection. The American Pomological Society, founded in 1848, is one of the oldest agri- cultural institutions in the country. It has had a long and successful history and has been of large service to the fruit industry throughout its life. Its membership is found in the United States, Canada and a number of other foreign countries. R. B. Cruickshank, Secretary-Treasurer cjillliiitillMiiittlllliiiiiiiiirtiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiitiiiniiiitiihiiiiniDiiinniniiiniiiniiiiiiitiiirr^ I Another Friend | i Kenneunck, Wash,, Aug. 24, 1921. | I Better Fruit, | I Portland, Oregon. I I Enclosed find money order for | I $1.00 for a year's renewal to Better | I Fruit. Wish to say that there isn't | I any reading matter that enters my | I house that I take as Tnuch interest in | I as I do Better Fruit. Keef the good \ I work uf, for we are with you as long | I as we are in the fruit game. \ I Yours truly, \ I y. W. TYSON. I liiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiitiiiitiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiitiiiDiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiinl Picking for Flavor and Keeping Quality By F. W. Allen, Assistant Professor of Pomology, University of California, Berkeley, California Continued from the September Ntanber than spot shows a very close relation be- IN the stomge work which the U. S. De- tween maturity and the percentage of fruit partmcnt of Agriculture has been con- affected. With some twenty lots where ducting in the Northwest for a number of the fruit was picked at diiferent stages of years, the effect of maturity at the time of maturity those of late pickings developed picking in relation to these troubles has from three to six times as much spot as been studied. For comparison two pickings those of the earlier pickings. These re- of fruit were made from the same trees ten suits are in accordance with the general to twenty days apart. The first, or "im- opinion and observation of growers, mature," picking was made at the beginning of the commercial picking season for the .____,.^,__ . , . . ,,. . , . ^ ~, K ,1 . ,< • 1 W/^HILE It may be stated that additional variety. Ihe second, or mature, pick- VV , , ,• • . i J . ..J r» .L c . '' flavor or dessert quality might be ing was made twenty days after the first, .,,, ... r •• 11 r J i' .1 .. 1 ^ earned by later pickings ot some varieties, usually a few days later than the last com- 6""";;" u; ^ , j. 5 , • 1 • 1 T-L 1 .. i_i • 11 vet m so doing some of the earner sorts mercial pick. These lots, comparable in all ' "ynig _ .1 . .i-j-»i. would pass their best eating conditions very other respects, were stored immediately at """'" V ' , , , ,. . , fL. 3i^5oj quickly and their season would be limited a temperature ot between 31 to 32 degrees ^""-'^v • "" "' . , , . , -c n c \ • .• J r »■ to a much shorter period than it should be. r. Carlul inspections were made four times •■" » "i"^"_ ".^ f , , , • 1 j J • »u • . i_ • • u . .L r . Later varieties cannot be left unpicked during the winter, beginning about the first J-""-'-' »aw^i.^o >. ^ of January and continued at intervals ap- """^"^ ^^^f' ,"^'-'" '^ "^"'•'"y ^f^^'^^^J °" ap- proximately six weeks apart. One-fourth =°""t "^ '^^'^ '^^"f" °^ freezing. _ Even of each lot was taken out of storage at each ^J^^" ^""^1 f"","^'"? temperature is not withdrawal, inspected, and held in an or- ^ f^^'°''' ^""^^y"^ picking— in some cases de- dinary warehouse room ten days. The fruit ^^y^^ f°'- s'ze— often resultsin a high per- was then inspected again and discarded. «"'^g« °f water-core. This condition is The temperature of the holding room was '""s' °f'«n ^««" '" *^ Winesap. usually between 50 to 60 degrees F. Some It would seem, therefore, very difficult of the data obtained on apple scald with to lay down any hard and fast rules rela- Rome Beauty and Winesap, published in tive to the time of picking which would Department Bulletin 587, are as follows: hold good in all cases. From data thus far The work carried on as related to Jona- obtained Jonathans have shown less Jona- ROME BEAUTY (Four-year Average) 1st Withdrawal 2nd Withdrawal 3rd Withdrawal 4th Withdrawal Condition Jan. 8 to 12 Feb. 16 to 19 Mar. 31 to Apr. 2 May 4 to 11 Mature Immature Mature Immature Mature Immature Mature Immature Bad Scald: At withdrawal U 20.5 1.0 48.9 3.5 58.9 10 days later 1.7 49.9 5.4 70.5 10.4 81.5 17.8 81.6 Decay : At withdrawal .10 .2 .1 .4 10 days later 2 .6 .2 1.6 9.8 2.7 18.0 WINESAP (Three-year Average) Bad Scald: At withdrawal 0.1 7.6 15.5 0.6 15.5 10 days later 9.0 .2 13.9 3.3 25.7 11.3 33.5 Decay : At withdrawal .3 .3 .5 .3 .5 .6 10 days later 1 .1 .3 .3 .8 .5 .7 .7 I TT'ROM this data it is seen that these -*- varieties are attacked much more quick- ly and seriously when picked prematurely than when picked at full maturity. The most practical remedy for this trouble then is picking at proper maturity, as no other factor has such an important bearing on the amount of scald which develops in storage. Data obtained during the seasons of 1918 and 1919, while the writer was in charge of these investigations, show that with Stay- man Winesap the percentages of scald on the first and second pickings of fruit were similar to those given above, while in the case of a third picking made ten days after the second and twenty days after the first, the percentage of scald was negligible. It is thought probable that the cells which make up the skin of the immature fruit are weak and undeveloped and therefore break down quickly in storage. This may also ex- plain the physiological decay which often follows severe scald. than spot when picked comparatively early. Stayman Winesaps and Grimes Golden gave a much smaller percentage of scald when allowed to become more; mature. Each grower must, therefore, consider his varie- ties and the probable time they are to be held before reaching the market. Most varieties should be of normal size, and in red-skinned sorts they should be of good color. The flesh, however, should be quite firm, or "hard ripe." Green varieties should have the green color changing somewhat to a whitish or cream tinge. There is no doubt but that the proper time for picking a va- riety is comparatively short, and after har- vest is once started it should not be delayed. ' I ^O avoid lice and other vermin keep your hen house light and dry. The greatest preventive of both vermin and disease is sunlight. You will do well therefore to provide plenty of sunlight and dust baths. A good insect powder added to the dirt in the dust bath will prove an added protection against lice and mitct. October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 9 The Advantages of Central Packing Plants nil 11 117 »l? R*--:* U/».U:„»«-»» iiliiiiiitlliitiiiiiiiiiiini nil mil niniiiiii^ I T/ie (■ i! n I r a I (O-oferative apple | I packing plant is becoming recognized | I as a great aiil in handling the crops | I in coinmunities zchere the ■fields on | I individual ranches are small. In | I handling the outputs of the ranchers | I in one of these plants equipped with | I the latest appliances it can be done | I rapidly and cheaply with a compara- | I tivel-j small investment to its pat- | I rons. It is this feature that is taken | I up in a colloquial way in this article | I and worked out to an interesting con- | I elusion. — Editor. \ r„„„ iiiiitiliiiiiiliniiiiiimil iiiiiiiiiiiillliiiiliillllliiilillliiliiillliiii>mmc|.l. .\KricuIture Fig. 1. A well constructed community apple packing house Page 10 BETTER FRUIT A Thrips Injury to Apples By E. J. Newcomer, U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Yakima, Washington IN 1914, when I was first stationed in the Pacific Northwest, my attention was called to certain irregular whitish spots that were quite prevalent on apples. Since then I have seen these spots on almost all varieties of apples wherever they are grown in the Northwest. The spots are frequently very common, sometimes as many as twenty-five or thirty occurring on a single apple. These "pansy spots," as they are sometimes c.illed, invariably show a darit center, or puncture, In 1920, Mr. B. B. Fulton, of the Ore- gon Experiment Station found what he took to be a thrips egg shell in one of the punc- tures, and in May, 1921, I began examin- ing apples shortly after the blooming period. 1 found newly-hatched thrips larvae very common in the calyx cups. One lot of 100 apples harbored 89 of these thrips larvae. By rubbing off the pube- scence of these small apples, I was able to find the whitish spots already present, and Effect of Thrips on Half-Grown York Imperial and are quite obviously caused by an insect. While in most cases the spots practically dis- appear before the fruit is mature, in cer- tain varieties they persist, and cause the fruit affected to be lowered in grade. In any event, they are the cause of much in- quiry on the part of apple growers as to their origin and economic importance. The spots are present on the apples very soon after blooming, and during June and July are usually rather conspicuous. (Fig. 1). As the fruit grows, the white area spreads out somewhat, and on most varieties gradually assumes practically the color of the rest of the surface, until at picking time it has very largely disappeared, only the small and inconspicuous puncture re- maining. This looks very much like a len- ticel and in no way affects the grade. On some varieties, notably the Mcintosh (Fig. 2), the York Imperial and the Northern Spy, the spot shows very conspicuously at maturity and sometimes as much as 25 per cent of the crop is injured in this manner, with a consequent reduction in grade. For the last seven years I have attempted to find the cause of this spot, but with no success until this year. The spots were evi- dently produced at about the blossoming time of the apple, but did not become no- ticeable until after the calyx cups had closed, by which time the insect that caused them had apparently disappeared. I have been able to prove that these spots are not produced by any of our apple-,feeding aphides, nor by the tarnished plant bug, and Mr. Childs, of the Hood River Experiment Station, has shown that they are not the work of the leaf hoppers, though the idea it ttill quite prevalent that leaf hoppers are the caute of these apoti. after a careful examination of a consider- able number with a binocular microscope, 1 was able to find some which contained a thrips egg in the center of each spot. The egg is very small, less than a half millimeter in length, white, and very delicate. After being exposed to the air a few moments, it begins to shrivel. The egg is deposited at nearly right angles with the surface of the apple, and just beneath it, one end of the egg closing the hole made by the thrips ovipositor. The larva, upon hatching, emerges through this outer end, and leaves a small hole in the skin of the apple. The irregular, whitish area is the result of irri- tation produced by the presence of the egg in the apple. This settles the question of what causes these white spots or areas. The matter of preventing them is yet to be con- sidered. In most of our commercial varieties this thrips injury is of no consequence. It is in- conspicuous at picking time on such varie- October, 1921 ties as Winesap, Newtown, Rome and usu- ally Jonathan. In such cases, control meas- ures are unnecessary. Where the Mcintosh, Senator, York or Northern Spy is grown, however, it might sometimes be advisable to use preventive measures. The species of thrips causing this injury has not been de- termined. However, the damage is done during a comparatively short period, and the application of a standard thrips spray of miscible or distillate oil and nicotine sulphate at the time of the "pink" spray should materially reduce the injury. Thripi Injur/ to Mature Mclntoah Red Collar Rot By Luke Powell, Horticulturist, Yakima, Wsishington THE fruit grower little realizes the heavy loss he is sustaining year after year from the so-called collar rot. ■ If the owner of the average ten-acre orchard was to lose three cows or horses per year, valued at $100 each, he would soon realize that he must find the causes and remedies for the losses or quit raising cows and horses. The average fruit grower does not realize that every time a good fruit tree dies it means a loss of at least $100 to him. This is due to the fact that it takes the tree about a year or two to die and usually be- fore one is dead several more have started and so the grower gets calloused to his losses. Nor does he further know that as the trees get older they are more susceptible to the disease, although they are increasing in valu. In reality there is no such diseases known as collar rot. But due to the fact that the trees are most usually affected below the surface first and die when the infection has about spread to all the roots and girdled the tree at the surface of the soil, it is com- monly called collar rot. We have here in the Yakima valley sev- eral different types of this root injury which, if not promptly checked, soon kills the tree. On some slopes with good soil and splen- did drainage we are losing trees during the summer or irrigation season. In other localities the injury is done later on as the fall and early winter sets in, or it may be delayed until spring, de- pending on the factors that cause the trouble. We have some few cases of real pear or fire blight attacking the roots and trunks of the trees. This is easy to control compared to the other cases. There are three factors that enter into the control of this so-called collar rot. First: The grower must fully realize the economical loss he is sustaining from year to year. Second: That he is going to find out the factors that causes it in his orchard and how to prevent its further occurrence. Third: That in the future he will plant only such nursery stock as is as near im- mune to these troubles as it is possible to |TOW. October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 14 Gallons a Minute at 300 lbs. Pressure You growers of the Northwest appreciate the vital importance of speed in your spraying. You know that when it's time to spray EVERY HOUR COUNTS! This new outfit was developed to meet your demand for more power and larger capacity in a light-weight, easily handled rig that two horses can pull without trouble. The Bean Spray Pump Co. Originators of the first high pressure spray pumps. 19 Hosmer Street Lansing, Mich. 118 W. Julian Street San Jose, Calif. Bean Super-Giant Junior has a nozzle capacity of 14 gallons a minute at 300 lbs. pressure This, together with the 300-gallon tank, enables you to cover a surprising lot of trees in a day and do thorough work as you go. You not only save time, labor, and money by reason of the increased capacity — but you get the spray onto the trees when it does the most good and that means bigger crops, better fruit, and more profit. Bean Super.Giant: Capacity, 16.25 Gallons-Minute SEND THE COUPON (or the new Bean Catalog, which illustrates and describes the entire Bean line for 1922, including the Bean Super- Giant Junior and the new Bean 6 H. P. engine, which is a big feature of the outfit, and a very decided improvement in sprayer engine construction J^ A /<^ V I*' /a** '•■■ .j> *<-\ ^ •■ .' • / y / •:s>' / .i;^v:»v^-^ :/ €44" Page 12 BETTER FRUIT The Care and Culture of Vineyards By Daniel Prowant, a Successful Grower "W/'HILE grapes seem to prefer a rather VV high location, and one that will sur- face drain readih', ihcy may be success- fully grown on almost any soil that can be drained properly by means of tile. They do not require a soil as high in fertility as some of the other fruit crops, but they will repay good care. Cultivation must be fre- quent enough to keep out all weeds and grass, and to keep the soil loose enough to prevent the escape of . moisture in dry weather. They are usually a fairly profit- able crop, and in some sections of the coun- try where the land is so broken as to make general farming difficult they are the most profitable crop that can be grown. Our own vineyard is set in rows six feet wide, the vines six feet apart in the rows. Cedar fence posts are placed in the rows twenty feet apart, and wires are stretched for them to vine on. The wires should not be stapled to the posts, as the weight of the vines will pull out the staples, and make an unsatisfactory job. The best plan is to bore one-half inch holes entirely through the posts, and pass the wires through the holes. The end posts must either be se- curely braced or set in concrete to prevent the wires from sagging. Three wires for each row is sufficient, but they should be pretty heavy, as they may be broken when laden with fruit, and should be stretched as tight as possible. This method is quite satisfactory in every way except that it will onl)' permit cultivating in one direction. ANOTHER plan of growing th.u 1 have seen in use that will permit cultivat- ing in both directions, is to set three small posts, preferably steel posts, in the form oi a triangle, with the vine in the center. Three or four wires are stretched around this triangle to support the vine growth. The only objection to this plan is that the grapes are a little more difficult to get at by the pickers. With us grapes are not bothered to any extent by insect pests, but such fungus diseases as rust, rot and mildew are more or less common. This can be taken care of by spraying at regular intervals with some good fungicide. Bordeaux mixture is used with good results for this purpose, or a combined insecticide and fungicide may be used if there is need for it. Insecticides should not be used after the fruit has set, as almost all of them are poisonous to man- kind as well as to insects. October, 1921 Pruning the vines should take place once annually, and the work must be done while the vines arc dormant. We prefer to do this while the weather is quite cold, as the vines often lose much sap if pruned when not frozen. There is more danger of the average grower not pruning enough than there is of pruning too much. All of last year's growth should be cut away except two buds on each branch of the vine, and not more than three or four branches al- lowed to remain. This looks like making a slaughter of the vineyard at the time, it is true, but as the grapes are always pro- duced on new vine growth the fruit will be much larger if the roots are not com- pelled to support too large a growth of \'ines. Ridley, Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN. LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING. LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy "CAR0 WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. „ _ . ^ ,.r . United State. Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO.. 112 Market Street, San Francisco, C«lifornui October, 1921 Sometimes when the grapes set very heavily it will be necessary to thin out some of the hunches if the finest grapes are wanted. If too many arc allowed to re- main the grapes will all be small and of inferior quality. The best time to do this is when the grapes are a little less than half grown, and the worker will have to be governed largely by conditions and u^e his own judgment regarding how far to go with the thinning. When the grapes are to be thinned or gathered a sharp knife or a small pair of shears should be used to cut off the bunches. They should not in any case be broken off as the vine is apt to be torn, and this does it more damage at this time than might be supposed. Grapes are usually marketed in one-half or one bushel baskets, and should be handled with care by the pickers and haulers to avoid crushing. If the grapes are to be shipped to a distant- market it is better not to allow them to get too ripe, as the\- are apt to be badly crushed in transit, and reach the consumer in poor con- dition. BETTER FRUIT Page IS Preserving Sweet Cider SWEET cider or grape juice can be pre- served in a sweet condition indefinitely if the directions furnished by specialists in the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, are carefully followed. As rapidl}- as the juices are pressed from the fruit place them in clean vessels. Wood- en barrels or tubs which have previously been thoroughly scalded will serve the pur- pose very well, although earthenware jars, if available, should be used. These are al- lowed to stand over night, or for not more than 12 to 14 hours, in the coolest location possible so that much of the solid mitter suspended in the juice will settle to the bottom. Glass jars or bottles must be thor- oughly sterilized to receive the juices, which are drained off without disturbing the sediment. If fruit jars are used they should be fitted with sterilized caps and rubbers, and the cap tightened down as far as it can be turned. If bottles using crown caps are used, the bottles are capped as they are filled, using caps which have been sterilized. In case bottles closed with corks are used, set the previously sterilized corks in place in the bottles and tie them down loosely with a strong cord so that steam may es- cape. To relieve the pressure during steri- lization the bottles should be filled only to the neck. AWASH boiler or other convenient ves- sel can be prepared for a "water bath" by fitting it with a wooden rack on >vhich the containers filled as above indicated with juice are placed. The bath is filled with cold water and the bottles or jars, if closed. Paint Economy Isn't "Cost Per Gallon" THERE'S one way only to save on paint. That way is to use the best of paint. Some think of paint economy as "cost per gallon." That is wrong. Cheap paint doesn't cover as much surface — you need more gallons. Cheap paint is more difficult to spread, requires more labor, so the best paint costs you no more when you've put it on the house or barn than cheap paint does. More than that, it lasts five or more years, if properly ap- plied, while cheap paint, on the average, begins cracking in twelve months. Good paint is an investment that saves money by preventing deterioration. "Cheap" paint is the only paint that really costs. Don't allow surfaces to rot. It costs less to paint them. We've made paints for west- ern use for 72 years. We use the best materials — pure PIONEER WHITE LEAD, pure linseed oil, zinc and color, but we mix them in scientifically exact pro- portions with long-time skill. Our white-lead base must be fine enough to pass through a silk screen with 40,000 meshes to the square inch. That means covering capac- ity and ease of spread. We super-purify the lead to make it "whiter," which means clearer- toned colors. The finished product on the house or barn is an elastic, tough, protective coating. We call these paints "Fuller's Specification Farm Paints" be- cause they are the very best made for the purpose. FuMerb SPECIFICATION Farm Paints House Point-Barn 6 Roof Paint Waqon Point-Rubber Cement Floor Paint M'fd. by W. P. Fuller & Co. Pioneer Manufacturers of Paints. Varnishes, Enamels, Stains and PIONEER WHITE LEAD for 72 Years. Established 1849 San Franc.sco Branches in 16 cities in the West— Dealers everywhere Also makers of All-Purpose Varnishes. Silkenwhite Enamel Fifteen-for- Floors Varnish. Washable Wall Fmish. Auto Enamel, Porch and Step Paint and PIONEER WHITE LEAD. Free Information Mail Coupon Send coupon for free book. "Save the Surface." which tells of the vital importance of good paint. Also get our small book- let of Fuller's Specifica- tion Farm Paints. Both books will help you in selecting the right paint for your needs. Mail coupon now. Ask our Specification Department for free de- tailed advice on any question about painting. W. p. Fuller & Co. Dept. F 17, S.in Francisco. Please send me, without charge, a copy of "Save the Surface" and your small booklet of farm paints and varnishes. Name Address- City.. State.. For all exterior jobs of painting it is advisable to obtain the services of a Master Painter Page 14 are inverted or laid on one side so as to wet the inside of the caps thoroughly with juice. If bottles closed vvith corks are used, the bottles must stand upright in the water, which should come up to the necks of the bottles. The heating is then started. A thermo- meter is hung so that it will dip for half its length into the water, which is heated gradually until its temperature reaches 175 degrees F. Allow the bottles or jars to re- main in the water for 30 minutes if quart or half-gallon jars are used, and from 40 to 45 minutes if gallon bottles are used. Then remove from the stove and immedi- ately tighten down the caps of the jars, if jars are used. If corked bottles are used, drive the corks firmly into the necks; in- vert each bottle so as to wet the cork thor- oughly with the hot juice; then complete the sealing by cutting the corks off smooth- ly ad pouring hot paraffin over it. Place the product in a dark, cool storage room. Watch it for a period of a week or more for the beginning of fermentation, which will be indicated by frothing at the surface of the liquid. If any bottles show signs of fermenting, return them to the wash boiler and repeat the process exactly as before, loosening the tops, of course, be- fore heating begins, and closing down firm- ly again before the liquid is allowed to cool. WHEN the juice is placed in storage the suspended solid matter will gradu- ally settle out and sediment will accumu- late in the bottom and on the sides of the jars. In the course of two or three months at ordinary temperatures, this settling will be completed and the liquid will be fairly clear. It may be used directly from the bot- tles or drawn off into clean bottles, which should be sterilized before they are filled and which .should then be corked and pas- teurized by heating to 170 degrees F. for the same length of time as in the first pas- teurization. If rebottling is necessary or de- sirable the second heating should never reach the temperature to which the juice was first heated; otherwise, the clarification which is secured by settling and decanting into new containers will be defeated, as a second process of sedimentation will occur. If the temperature be kept 5 degrees below that reached at the first heating, this result will be avoided. A reliable thermometer is a necessity for this work, as it is important that the juice be heated to 175 degrees F. in the first heating, in order to destroy the organisms which would otherwise cause fermentation. It is equally import.int that the juice should not be overheated, as this will give it a cooked taste which is decidedly unpleasant to many people. BETTER FRUIT Applying Oil Spray By Leroy Childs, Entomologist, Hood River Experiment Station THE oil spray is a difficult one to apply owing to the fact that all parts of the trees must be thoroughly covered if good control of the leaf roller is to be obtained. In order to get the best results there are a few points that growers should continually keep in mind while the spray is being ap- plied. These are: Apply the spray during warm settled weather as far as it is possible to do so. The eggs of the leaf roller are deposited on the twigs and branches in all parts of the trees, for the most part on the upper sides of the limbs and twigs. On this account all parts of the trees must be thoroughly cov- ered. It is important to hit every egg mass. From 25 to 75 worms will hatch from every egg mass missed. Therefore, it is easy to understand that a few missed egg masses can result in a very wormy condition of the tree. Failure in thoroughness is the reason why a great many orchardists report poor leaf roller control. If poor control occurred in portions of your orchard last year be sure and pick out the most favorable weather conditions this year to spray this section as many more eggs occur on the trees in such sections than where good control was obtained. October, 1921 After the spray has dried on some of the sprayed trees examine them. If you find unsprayed limbs you can figure that you are doing a poor job. You can also figure that you will have plenty of leaf rollers if you do not do better work. The following amount of diluted oil spray per tree has given excellent control during the past several years in a number of orchards under observation: Trees 11 years old, 4.1 gallons; Trees 12 years old, 4.5 gallons; Trees 13 years old, 5.6 gallons; Trees 14 years old, 7 gallons; Trees 15 years old, 7.2 gallons; Trees 1 7 years old, 8 gallons. Check up your average usage per tree and if you find that you are under these figures it will pay you a big return to increase the amount of spray per tree. FREIGHT RATE REDUCTIONS "JV/TARKED reductions in frtlght rates on canned goods, dried fruits and vegetables, peas and beans in carload lots, shipped from Pacific Coast territory to eastern points, were made effective Monday, August 22. The rates affect shipments from Spokane, Walla Walla, Yakima and Coast points, to all eastern territory extending from St. Paul, Omaha and Denver to the Atlantic seaboard. On canned goods the basic rate is reduced from $1.20^ a hundred pounds to $1.05. On dried and evaporated fruits and vegetables the rate is cut from $2.00 to $1.45 on shipments In sacks or boxes and from I.66J/2 to $1.25 on goods shipped in glass or cans. On dry beans and peat the cut is from $1.25i^ to $1.05. A survey of the dried and canned fruit business In Scandinavian countries finds American canned and dried fruits easily in first place and enjoying continued popularity, reports the American agri- cultural trade commissioner at London. 9^Ui^ dominating feature of Caterpillar'Tractors *HOLT MANUTACTURING COMPANY Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois Lot Angela, Cal. Spokane, WoMh. San Francuco, CaL October, 1921 Entree of the Basket {Continued from fage 6) inch to a full inch, depending on the com- mercial size. This variation is necessary to secure a tight pack. With a little study of sizes the packer is necessary to secure a tight pack. With a little study of sizes the packer will have no trouble in adopting one of the faces worked out in detail below, and will not have to patch a face by finishing with large or small apples. In arranging the apples the beginner will find that he can make great use of the minimum and the maximum longitudinal diameter of the size of the apple that he is working with. If the circle or ring lacks but half an inch, of be- ing filled, or a fair-sized apple will not go in, it will usually be found that by chang- ing several of the apples with a smaller or greater longitudinal diameter as the case may be, the space will be filled. Each circle in the face of the basket should have apples in it as nearly as possible of uniform size of the commercial size that is being packed. Any perceptible size dif- ference will detract from the general ap- pearance. Ring I. is the first ring put on. Start at the side of the basket so that the edge of the apple will not be more than a half inch above the edge of the basket. Succeeding apples should be placed very close together on the style of stem to calyx. If one apple is above the edge of the basket too far be- cause of fruit being high below, select fruit that has a smaller transverse diameter or vice versa so that the result will be an even face. Then ring II. is put on in like fashion. Rings III. and IV. follow and sometimes with small commercial sizes it will be nec- essary to put one or two apples in the center which are spoken of as key apples. As mentioned previously the height of the bulge is very important. The center will be higher than ring I. This is caused by the construction of the basket. Too high a bulge will cause unnecessary crushing of the fruit from the cover or by other baskets being placed on top. Too high a bulge will also interfere with the proper adjustment of the cover. An excessive bulge in the center will prevent the cover from fitting properly around the edge of the basket, which permits the fruit to protrude between the hoop of the cover and the top of the basket, thereby causing lid bruising. It is not likely that it will prove profit- able to ring face any fruit that is below 2 inches in diameter. A jumble pack with a smoothed off face will be best for small fruits. While more time is required to ring pack a basket from the bottom than to jumble pack, a better pack can be secured with ring packing from the standpoint of even facing. It is easier to face a basket that is ring packed from the bottom than to face a bas- ket that is jumble packed. The fruit in a ring packed basket is tighter than in a jum- BETTER FRUIT ble packed basket and will not settle as much in shipment. THE experiments carried on in the ring facing of odd shaped varieties of fruit were conducted with York Imperials. In many instances the longitudinal diameter was less than the transverse diameter in this type of apple, which makes it more difficult to face the baskets as compared with fruit that is regular in shape and con- formation. Due to the shape of this par- ticular variety it was found that the apples could be ring packed more expeditiously than apples of other types. This holds true especially of sizes that are from two and one-half inches up. In ring packing the basket the apples in the rings through- out the basket should be placed stem to calyx. The Yorks were found to pack very closely. The tightness of the face rings can be secured best with apples similar in size and conformation. The juxtaposition of these apples depends on the skill of the packer in arranging these varieties so they will fit snugly one against the other. If there are smaller apples of the commercial size that is being worked with than there are large apples in the size, then the smaller apples should be used to make the first ring, the second ring should be a little larger and the largest apples of the com- mercial size should be in the middle. Height of Bulge THE height of the bulge is a very im- portant feature in the packing of bas- ket apples. Either too large or too small a bulge is unsatisfactory and will give the fruit of the facing an unattractive appear- ance. If the bulge is not sufficient the basket will arrive on the market with a slack pack. This will cause bruising and discoloration of the contents, and very ma- terially reduce the sale value of the pack- ages. It will also result in a disarrange- ment of fruit in the facing. Too high a bulge will result in equally bad consequences. It will result in bruised Fage 16 and cut fruit in the face of the basket. There will be opportunity for the face to slip as the space between cover hoop and basket edge will allow fruit to slip out. (Continued on fage 18) SERV/nE IS OUR FIRST N-AIM THE SIMPSON 8 DOELLER /< '^^v. CO. ^_ >^ GET OUR SAMPLES AND PRICES WE CAN FILL YOUR ORDER FOR STOCK- APPLE. PEAR.CHERRY AND STRAWBERRY LABELS IN 24 HOURS. Frost Protection for your orchards Don't let frost take away your year's income. Orchard heaters are frost in- surance. Use them and have big crops at premium prices when others fail ; get high prices for your crops. Scheu Smokeless and Canco Heaters have saved crops all over the United States. Temperatures of 16° successfully raised above daoRer point. "Outside temperature was 21)^. with Scheu Heaters raised to 40°. Crop saved. 100'^"," says Krnest A. Tonk. apple grower of Cash- mere, W.a3hington. firowers all over United States report simi- ar success. More than a million now in use Cost ."Ific up. Write for free 4 8 page book .... — "Frost Insurance." Resident agents wanted. \ll\\l , ,, \llGANCO jj' Orchard Heater 0;pt. WHITING-MEAD COM'L. CO., LOS ANGELES Page 16 BETTER FRUIT Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets PORTLAND, OREGON W. H. WALTON Ej'"'' lERROLD OWEN Associate Editor C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES A. H. BILLINGSLEA -. V ' ' V i, No. 1 Madison Avenue, New York J. C. BILLINGSLEA ........ Advertising Bldg., Chicago SAN FRANCISCO REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN C. WILLIAMS Hobart Bldg.. San Francisco ST.\TE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON — C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento- mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- man. COLOR.\DO— C. P- Gillette. Director and Ento- mologist; E. B. House. Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA — F. J. Cridcr, Horticulturist, Tuscon. MONTANA— H. Thornber. Victor. CALIFORNIA — C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- gist Berkelev; W. H. Volck, Entomologist. Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Riverside. INDLANA— H. S. Jackson, Pathol ogist, Lafayette. All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application. The Railroad Situation The railway executives of the country have recently resorted to an advertising campaign that they claim is necessary to educate the people of the country to the neces- sit>' for a pronounced raise in pas- senger and freight rates. To make a short cut in coming to the point this action has not been viewed with either tolera^on or complacency by the shippnig public, more particu- larly the farmer — and when we say farmer we mean anyone who cultivates the soil whether for the production of fruit or other products. The farmer in asking and expecting more liberal terms in making it possible to market his wares is justified. In fact, he is justified by even the railroads who say that compared to other products those from the soil have taken a greater drop than in any other line of business. But — the railway executives point out that the prices of farm products in 1919, when they reached their peak, were 234 per cent higher than in 1913, and are now only 13 per cent higher than in the pre-war period of 1913. On this basis, while admitting BETTER FRUIT that transportation rates on farm products are too high, the railway executives say that they are not so high, but that the farmer can do business on a profitable or at least a living basis. On the other hand it is claimed by the railway executives that the railroads at the present time cannot remain in existence on a lower scale of rates and earnings than at present. These rates, it is officially stated by the railroads were intended by the Interstate Commerce Commission to enable them on the average to earn an an- nual return of 6 per cent on a val- uation of $18,900,000,000. This valuation, which it has been claimed by many is too high, was not made, however, at the instigation of the railways, but by the Interstate Com- merce Commission under a law, the passage of which was secured by Senators La Toilette and which was considered fair, although the rail- roads opposed it. The fact now remains that owing to their greatly increased operating cost the railways are far from mak- ing the earnings allowed them by the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion and since they were returned from government ownership and placed under the present rates have incurred enormous losses. For these reasons the executives of the railways, while stating that a re- duction in the present rates should not be indefinitely postponed, em- phatically proclaim that a general reduction at the present time would be ruinous to the roads. As a matter of fact the crux of the situation seems to be in the fact that while the railways recognize the plight of the farmer in regard to needing a change in rates, the railways cannot assist in changing this condition until the plight they are in themselves permits of it. The most certain feature in re- gard to the situation is that while some commodities are so situated that they can be marketed at a price commensurate with the principle that they can stand all the traffic will bear, others can not. They must have a fair transportation October, 1921 rate to survive. On the other hand it is a well known fact that when the railroads are prosperous the country is prosperous and that we should exert our influence in a fair and equable manner to have the great arteries of the nation be made so. Fire Prevention The week devoted to the cause of fire prevention is assuming an important place in the national cal- endar devoted to civic affairs Fire losses even under the most protec- tive surroundings are often of a heart and purse rending nature. Money cannot in many cases re- place or restore things that have been destroyed by the unquench- able flame. In later years this has become more and more emphasized and while the protection by insurance of architecture in its many forms is more greatly resorted to at present and is made much more easily ob- tainable than formerly, building to prevent fires through the use of in- flammable materials is being taken up to a much greater extent. The fruit of this observance or precau- tion in what may be called a "bet- ter material, better building" cam- paign, has been noted in many com- munities, as well as their more com- plete observance of the things that make fires more impossible. In other words, do not build of wood if concrete and stone will make you- structure safer and more valuable. And it will make it safer and more valuable by the greater security it gives and its lessened insurance risk. In America very little was done along this line until a few vears ago when the National Fire Pro- tection Association was organized at Boston. Since then Fire Protec- tion Week has become a special event in every city and town in the country and has even been taken up by the schools. Fire Prevention Week commences October 9. Do something during this week to help reduce our $1,000,000 annual fire loss. October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 Bees Bees, those little indefatigable workers that may be said to be the only rival of the ant in our indus- trial insect life, like Shakespeare's description of man, "play many parts," as they hum through the sunny meadow or orchard sipping nectar here and there. To the beekeeper, generally speaking, this little gold banded or rnaybe black- bodied visitor to blossom and flower means little but pounds — pounds of honey. The buzzing of his diminutive wings likewise, mean little to the average fruit grower except — as he goes from blossom to blossom he instils in it life — the life of propagation; the life that brings fruit and shekels in the fall. But a study of bees show that they mean more than this — that they have a civilization; that they have a well ordered industrial com- munity and a perfectly appointed and operated factory. And last, but not least that they are a great help to man. For years, used as the gatherer of honey they have been exploited for their store of this sweet by the bee- keeper, professional and otherwise. Of late years, they have been found to be the careful and successful or- chardist's best friend, for they make trees whose blossoms are sterile bear, and fruit grow where none grew before. SONG FOR NATIONAL APPLE WEEK By James Havpi^y, Quincy, HI. Tune: Auld Lang Syne. We come .igain on ;ipple days, To sing our songs once more, .And show our harvests of the fruit, Now pLiced in autumn's store j The beaming morning's I'ght, in sparkling dews, ILas painted apples' rosy tints, in brightest hues. And though we wander far away From homes of early days, Bright scenes of blossoming apple trees. Will shine in songs we raise; And when the ripening fruit, with twigs entwine, Then dearest thoughts be brought to m'nd, for Auld Lang Syne. We meet with friends at apple feists, Partake best fruit that grows. And see the flowers of blooming lietlth. In sweetness of the rosei Then to the highest source, for blessings here With joy we join the songs of praise, in thanks sincere. We'll not forget the orphan homes, Nor those whose homes are bare, For all who need in walks of life Should have some watchful care; To them we send some fruit for Auld Lang Syne, And show some kindness yet, my dear, for Auld Lang Syne. Propagated" Ditching CAP AKD FUiE M ETHOD E1ECTX2C 3LA^UN^ I-l£jnOi> V Ditching with Dynamite Now Possible the Year Round FOR speed, simplicity and economy, ditching with dynamite by the "propagated" method is in a class by itself. All that is needed is the dynamite, caps and fuse and a crow-bar. The detonation of one cartridge sets off the whole line of dynamite. Up to the present time this method could be used only during the warmer months, as the old "straight" dynamite was not wholly effective at temperatures below 50 degrees F. With the NEW Low Freezing fflE NITROGLYCERIN DYNAMITE "propagated" ditching can be successfully carried on in wet soil in any temperature. It is practically freeze -proof. Ditches have been shot perfectly with this new explosive at 14 degrees below zero. Drainage projects can now be planned and com- pleted regardless of weather conditions. See your local hardware or general store mer- chant. Write for 100-page "Farmers' Handbook of Explosives" for complete instructions for ditching, land-clearing and tree-planting with explosives. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO.. Inc. Portland, Ore., Seattle, Wash., Spokane, Wash. Orchard for Sale! 23/2 Acres in beautiful White Salmon Valley, Washington, 3 miles from town. 1 3 Acres in Yellow Newtowns and Spitzen- bergs, 1 2 and 1 4 years old, with proper pollenizers. Fine honie orchard of 40 trees — every variety of fruit which will grow in the locality. Fine spring just east of the place, with flow enough to supply several places. Price $4,000.00 — reasonable terms for quick sale. Address C. I. M. care BETTER FRUIT Page 18 BETTER FRUIT October, 1921 My Experience in Filbert Culture By Nat M. Norelius of The Western Walnut Growers' Association MARCH 6, 1894 1 planted my first half dozen filbert tree?, consisting of Eng- lish varieties. Ten years later, April 7, 1904, I planted 100 filbert trees of the Barcelona and Du Chilly varieties. The following year, October 28, I added 60 trees to my filbert grove, making in all about 165 filbert trees divided as follows: One hundred and five Du Chilly, forty- eight Barcelona, four Daviana, three Cos- ford, four English, and one Clarke. These filbert trees I planted in rows ten feet apart and alternating twenty feet apart in the row, thus making the actual minimum distance apart of the trees 13 feet, covering about seven-eights of an acre of ground. My soil is clay loan, and the trees have grown thriftily in this soil from the begin- ning. They have had but one setback, caused by sun-scald. When the trees were three years old, the temperature running up to 105 degrees caused injury to the bark on the south side of the trunk, thus stunting the growth of a number of trees. Those trees that were stunted in growth I cut away and permitted several sprouts to take the place of the one — the stunted trees thus forming a bushy shrub. These 1 have found to bear equally as well as the one-stemmed trees. The filbert tree is almost free from in- sect pests, such as infest our fruit trees, and therefore seldom needs spraying ex- cept for moss and other fungus growth. Spraying for this purpose will improve the condition and appearance of the trees. Since the trees came to bearing age they have borne crops every season, but in vary- ing amounts. Of the varieties I have I con- sider the Barcelona by far the